ReviewNeuroImage2023
Image harmonization: A review of statistical and deep learning methods for removing batch effects and evaluation metrics for effective harmonization.
Review in NeuroImage, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Grey-Matter Structure Markers of Alzheimer's Disease, Alzheimer's Conversion, Functioning and Cognition: A Meta-Analysis Across 11 Cohorts.Human brain mapping · 2025Pooled it
- Statistical methods for retrospective harmonization of longitudinal epidemiological data: a scoping review.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- The paradox of high IQ in ADHD: dissociable effects on inattention and impulsivity - insights from behavior, cognition & brain in 5138 children.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Multi-threshold polygenic risk improves hippocampal-based cognitive decline prediction.Genome medicine · 2026Article
- Multiscale brain development across the human lifespan.Communications biology · 2026Review
- HARMONY: A large-scale harmonized neuroimaging dataset for research on anxious misery disorders.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Advances in artificial intelligence for neuroimaging.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Review
- ComBat-Predict Enhances Generalizability of Neuroimaging Models to New Sites.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Harmonization in magnetic resonance imaging: A survey of acquisition, image-level, and feature-level methods.Medical image analysis · 2026Review
- Cortical gray-white matter contrast alterations precede amyloid-β positivity and macrostructural changes in older adults without dementia.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Radiomics in Medical Imaging: Methods, Applications, and Challenges.Journal of imaging · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Image-Level Harmonization Methods for Multi-Center MR Neuroimaging.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2026Article
- From whole-body to organ-specific biological age clocks.Nature aging · 2026Review
- Radiomics-based artificial intelligence (AI) models in colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis, metastasis detection, prognosis, and treatment response prediction.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2026Review
- Development of head-to-head and longitudinal CycleGAN algorithm for MRI harmonization: validation in follow-up MRI evaluation in patients with brain metastasis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Trajectories of Cortical Folding in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A 13-Year Follow-Up Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Pedunculopontine-thalamic cholinergic projections in rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Metastatic Spine Disease Alters Vertebral Load-To-Strength Ratios in Cancer Patients Compared to Healthy Individuals.JOR spine · 2026Article
- Cohort-Aware Agents for Individualized Lung Cancer Risk Prediction Using a Retrieval-Augmented Model Selection Framework.Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering · 2026Article
- Two axes of white matter development.Nature communications · 2026Article
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography from multiple batches (e.g. sites, scanners, datasets, etc.) are increasingly used alongside complex downstream analyses to obtain new insights into the human brain. However, significant confounding due to batch-related technical variation, called batch effects, is present in this data; direct application of downstream analyses to the data may lead to biased results. Image harmonization methods seek to remove these batch effects and enable increased generalizability and reproducibility of downstream results. In this review, we describe and categorize current approaches in statistical and deep learning harmonization methods. We also describe current evaluation metrics used to assess harmonization methods and provide a standardized framework to evaluate newly-proposed methods for effective harmonization and preservation of biological information. Finally, we provide recommendations to end-users to advocate for more effective use of current methods and to methodologists to direct future efforts and accelerate development of the field.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.