ArticleScientific reports2023
Acute balenine supplementation in humans as a natural carnosinase-resistant alternative to carnosine.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of energy drinks on repeated sprint performance and cognitive function in athletes.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Anserine, Balenine, and Ergothioneine: Impact of Histidine-Containing Compounds on Exercise Performance-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Why Bestatin Prefers Human Carnosinase 2 (CN2) to Human Carnosinase 1 (CN1).The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2024Article
- Lifespan Extension and Motor Function Improvement Effects of Whale Meat Extract inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Histidine containing dipeptides protect epithelial and endothelial cell barriers from methylglyoxal induced injury.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Role of Zinc in the Development of Vascular Dementia and Parkinson's Disease and the Potential of Carnosine as Their Therapeutic Agent.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- State of the Art in the Development of Human Serum Carnosinase Inhibitors.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Balenine possesses some of carnosine's and anserine's functions, yet it appears more resistant to the hydrolysing CN1 enzyme. The aim of this study was to elucidate the stability of balenine in the systemic circulation and its bioavailability in humans following acute supplementation. Two experiments were conducted in which (in vitro) carnosine, anserine and balenine were added to plasma to compare degradation profiles and (in vivo) three increasing doses (1-4-10 mg/kg) of balenine were acutely administered to 6 human volunteers. Half-life of balenine (34.9 ± 14.6 min) was respectively 29.1 and 16.3 times longer than that of carnosine (1.20 ± 0.36 min, p = 0.0044) and anserine (2.14 ± 0.58 min, p = 0.0044). In vivo, 10 mg/kg of balenine elicited a peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 28 µM, which was 4 and 18 times higher than with 4 (p = 0.0034) and 1 mg/kg (p = 0.0017), respectively. CN1 activity showed strong negative correlations with half-life (ρ = - 0.829; p = 0.0583), Cmax (r = - 0.938; p = 0.0372) and incremental area under the curve (r = - 0.825; p = 0.0433). Overall, balenine seems more resistant to CN1 hydrolysis resulting in better in vivo bioavailability, yet its degradation remains dependent on enzyme activity. Although a similar functionality as carnosine and anserine remains to be demonstrated, opportunities arise for balenine as nutraceutical or ergogenic aid.
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