ArticleBMJ open diabetes research & care2023
Maternal depression or anxiety during pregnancy and offspring type 1 diabetes: a population-based family-design cohort study.
Article in BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal psychological distress, breast milk extracellular vesicles, and infant immunity: A translational study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Glycemic Control and Adult Height: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study on Childhood Type 1 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Neuroimmune axis: Linking environmental factors to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in Diabetes.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Addressing the Emotional Side of Diabetes During Pregnancy: A Scoping Review With Implications for Intervention.Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionTo investigate the association between maternal depression/anxiety during pregnancy and offspring type 1 diabetes, to assess the specific importance of exposure during pregnancy by comparing across different exposure periods before and/or after pregnancy, and to explore potential unmeasured familial confounding. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThis was a population-based cohort including 1 807 809 offspring born in Sweden 2002-2019. From national registers, data were available on diagnosis or medication prescription for depression/anxiety in and around pregnancy, as well as incident cases of type 1 diabetes defined through diagnosis or insulin treatment. Associations were examined using flexible parametric and Cox regression models. Familial confounding was explored using paternal exposure as a negative control and by comparing offspring exposed to maternal depression/anxiety with their unexposed siblings.
resultsFor exposure during pregnancy, maternal depression/anxiety was associated with an increased risk of offspring type 1 diabetes onset after, but not before, 8 years of age (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.21 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.42]). Exposure occurring only during pregnancy was similarly associated to type 1 diabetes (aHR 1.24 (0.96 to 1.60)), whereas exposure occurring only before pregnancy was not (aHR 0.91 (0.64 to 1.30)). Associations were close to the null for paternal depression/anxiety (aHR 0.95 (0.72 to 1.25)), and point estimates were above 1 in sibling comparisons, although with wide CIs (aHR 1.36 (0.82 to 2.26)).
conclusionsMaternal depression/anxiety specifically during pregnancy seems to be associated with offspring type 1 diabetes. Paternal negative control and sibling comparisons indicate that the results cannot entirely be explained by familial confounding.
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