ReviewCurrent treatment options in oncology2023
Immunotherapy for Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Current Paradigm and Future Approaches.
Review in Current treatment options in oncology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for Asian patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer: a phase III RCTs based meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- THBS2: the key hub linking breast cancer stroma, immunity, and therapeutic response.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2026Review
- Spatial ecotype in tumor immune exclusion: from spatial architecture to therapeutic strategies.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Combined positive score status in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer patients treated with sacituzumab govitecan: associated clinical characteristics and testing patterns in a Central European cohort.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- Impact of Age on Use of Neoadjuvant Chemoimmunotherapy and Outcomes for Patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes display prognostic signatures associated with chemotherapy response in TNBC patients.iScience · 2026Article
- Programmed cell death-1: from a T-cell immune checkpoint to a regulator of Natural Killer cell biology.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Systemic chemotherapy in metastatic TNBC polarizes effector T cell differentiation.Cancer cell international · 2025Article
- The administration of passive and active immunotherapy against Syntenin-1 decreased the tumoral growth and pulmonary metastasis in a murine model of triple-negative breast cancer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comprehensive analysis of the systemic immune landscape across breast cancer subtypes and disease stages.Immuno-oncology technology · 2025Article
- Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals different cellular states in malignant cells and the tumor microenvironment in primary and metastatic ER-positive breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Targeting LINC02544/miR-497-5p/CAPRIN1 axis via exosome-based siRNA to overcome immunotherapy resistance in triple-negative breast cancer.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- CD24a knockout results in an enhanced macrophage- and CD8⁺ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses in tumor microenvironment in a murine triple-negative breast cancer model.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Article
- Immune-based molecular subtyping of triple-negative breast cancer via SNF-CC and functional validation of key immune-associated genes.Functional & integrative genomics · 2025Article
- Cytoplasmic HMGB1 promotes the activation of JAK2-STAT3 signaling and PD-L1 expression in breast cancer.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Integration of Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data and Bulk Sequencing Data to Characterise the CD8+ T-Cell Exhaustion Mediated Immune Microenvironment in CRC.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Current Status of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Treatment Responsive Biomarkers for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Thoracic cancer · 2025Review
- Article
- Artificial Intelligence and Breast Cancer Management: From Data to the Clinic.Cancer innovation · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
opinion statementIn approximately 15-20% of the patients diagnosed with breast cancer, it comprises the triple negative (TN) subtype, which until recently lacked targets for specific treatments and is known for its aggressive clinical behavior in patients with metastatic disease. TNBC is considered the most immunogenic breast cancer subtype due to higher levels of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor mutational burden and PD-L1 expression, providing a rationale for immunotherapy. The addition of pembrolizumab to chemotherapy as first-line treatment resulted in significantly improved PFS and OS for PD-L1 positive mTNBC, leading to FDA approval. However, response rate of ICB in unselected patients is low. Ongoing (pre)clinical trials aim to further optimize ICB efficacy and widen its application beyond PD-L1 positive breast tumors. Novel immunomodulatory approaches to induce a more inflamed tumor microenvironment include dual checkpoint blockade, bispecific antibodies, immunocytokines, adoptive cell therapies, oncolytic viruses, and cancer vaccines. Preclinical data for these novel strategies seems promising, but solid clinical data to further support its application for mTNBC is awaited. Biomarkers capturing the degree of immunogenicity such as but not limited to TILs, CD8 T cell levels, and IFNg signatures could support deciding which therapeutic strategy is most appropriate for which patient. Given 1) the accumulating therapy options for patients with metastatic disease and 2) the heterogeneity of mTNBC from inflamed to immune-desert tumors, the challenge is to work towards immunomodulatory strategies for specific subgroups of patients with TNBC to enable personalized (immuno)therapy for patients with metastatic disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.