ReviewJournal of neurology2023
Neuropathology of New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE).
Review in Journal of neurology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Case Report: Vagus nerve stimulation in super-refractory status epilepticus: Delayed seizure control and focal cortical knife-blade atrophy.Epilepsy & behavior reports · 2026Article
- The Changing Paradigm of Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy: A Bibliometric Analysis from Microglial Activation to Gut-Brain Axis.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Adaptive immune dysregulation drives new-onset refractory status epilepticus.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- CSF Tau Is a Biomarker of Hippocampal Injury in Cryptogenic New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Cryptogenic New-onset Refractory Status Epilepticus with Hyperintensity of T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Bilateral Basal Ganglia: An Autopsy Report.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
- A Case Series and Review of Febrile-Infection Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES).Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in an adult patient with super-refractory status epilepticus.Epilepsia open · 2024Article
- Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Brain Parenchyma in Patients With New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE).Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- NORSE/FIRES: how can we advance our understanding of this devastating condition?Frontiers in neurology · 2024Review
- Neuropathology and epilepsy surgery - 2024 update.Free neuropathology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE), including its subtype with a preceding febrile illness known as FIRES (Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome), is one of the most severe forms of status epilepticus. Despite an extensive workup (clinical evaluation, EEG, imaging, biological tests), the majority of NORSE cases remain unexplained (i.e., "cryptogenic NORSE"). Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cryptogenic NORSE and the related long-term consequences is crucial to improve patient management and preventing secondary neuronal injury and drug-resistant post-NORSE epilepsy. Previously, neuropathological evaluations conducted on biopsies or autopsies have been found helpful for identifying the etiologies of some cases that were previously of unknown cause. Here, we summarize the findings of studies reporting neuropathology findings in patients with NORSE, including FIRES. We identified 64 cryptogenic cases and 66 neuropathology tissue samples, including 37 biopsies, 18 autopsies, and seven epilepsy surgeries (the type of tissue sample was not detailed for 4 cases). We describe the main neuropathology findings and place a particular emphasis on cases for which neuropathology findings helped establish a diagnosis or elucidate the pathophysiology of cryptogenic NORSE, or on described cases in which neuropathology findings supported the selection of specific treatments for patients with NORSE.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.