ArticleMaterials today. Bio2023
Silica nanocarrier-mediated intracellular delivery of rapamycin promotes autophagy-mediated M2 macrophage polarization to regulate bone regeneration.
Article in Materials today. Bio, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Macrophage-MSCs Interplay in Orthodontic Bone Remodelling: Mechanics-Immunity-Stem Cell Axis.International dental journal · 2026Review
- Nanoparticle-Enabled Modulation of the Bone Immune Microenvironment for Enhanced Regeneration.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Immunosenescence and Bone Homeostasis: From Mechanisms of Homeostasis Disruption to Therapeutic Opportunities in Age-Related Skeletal Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Melatonin improves osteogenic differentiation in a high-glucose environment by activating NRF2 to promote autophagy through the regulation of cross-talk between macrophages and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporally targeted nanocapsules combined with mild photothermal therapy regulate the synovial microenvironment in rheumatoid arthritis.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Biomaterial-assisted gene therapy for bone repair.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Trackable Tolerogenic Macrophages Integrate PD-L1 and Rapamycin Signaling to Suppress Alloimmune Responses in Transplantation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Neodymium-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles promote bone regeneration via autophagy-mediated macrophage immunomodulation.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Research progress on the advantages, mechanisms and design strategies of nanomaterials for immunomodulatory angiogenesis.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- Article
- Quercetin improves myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating macrophage M2 polarization through Bcl-2/Beclin-1 complex.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- A biomimetic nanomedicine alleviates liver transplant-related biliary injury by sequentially inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating macrophage polarization via Nrf-2/HO-1 and JNK pathways.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Microenvironment-responsive nanoparticles functionalized titanium implants mediate redox balance and immunomodulation for enhanced osseointegration.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- A novel approach for the co-delivery of 5-fluorouracil and everolimus for breast cancer combination therapy: stimuli-responsive chitosan hydrogel embedded with mesoporous silica nanoparticles.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Ginseng exosomes modulate M1/M2 polarisation by activating autophagy and target IKK/IкB/NF-кB to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- From "immune silence" to "immune dialogue": modification strategies for bone substitutes based on bone immunomodulatory characteristics.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory potential of rapamycin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles: pore size-dependent drug loading, release, and in vitro cellular responses.Drug delivery and translational research · 2024Article
- Biomimetic siRNA nanogels for regulating macrophage polarization and promoting osteogenesis.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Black phosphorus quantum dot-modified ADSCs as a novel therapeutic for periodontitis bone loss coupling of osteogenesis and osteoimmunomodulation.Materials today. Bio · 2024Article
- Revolutionizing lymph node metastasis imaging: the role of drug delivery systems and future perspectives.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Targeting macrophages to regulate the immune microenvironment is a new strategy for bone regeneration with nano-drugs. Nano-drugs have achieved surprising anti-inflammatory and bone-regenerative effects, however, their underlying mechanisms in macrophages remain to be clarified. Macrophage polarization, immunomodulation, and osteogenesis are governed by autophagy. Rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, has shown promising results in bone regeneration, but high dose-mediated cytotoxicity and low bioavailability hinder its clinical application. This study aimed to develop rapamycin-loaded virus-like hollow silica nanoparticles (R@HSNs) which are easily phagocytosed by macrophages and translocated to lysosomes. R@HSNs induced macrophage autophagy, promoted M2 polarization, and alleviated the degree of M1 polarization as indicated by the downregulation of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and iNOS, and upregulation of anti-inflammatory factors CD163, CD206, IL-1ra, IL-10, and TGF-β. These effects were nullified by cytochalasin B-induced inhibition of R@HSNs uptake in macrophages. The conditioned medium (CM) collected from R@HSNs-treated macrophages promoted osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (mBMSCs). In a mouse calvaria defect model, free rapamycin treatment was inhibited, but R@HSNs robustly promoted bone defect healing. In conclusion, silica nanocarrier-mediated intracellular rapamycin delivery to macrophages effectively triggers autophagy-mediated M2 macrophage polarization, further enhancing bone regeneration by triggering osteogenic differentiation of mBMSCs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.