Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37075141›Full record

ArticleThe New England journal of medicine2023

Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.

Jacob John, Ashish Bavdekar, Temsunaro Rongsen-Chandola, Shanta Dutta, Madhu Gupta, Suman Kanungo, Bireshwar Sinha, Manikandan Srinivasan, Ankita Shrivastava, Adarsh Bansal and 23 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The New England journal of medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
39citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
15.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  4. A case for eliminating Widal testing for enteric fever, India.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

33 authors at 1 institution in 4 countries.

Jacob JohnFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).ORCID 0000-0003-3654-5099
Ashish BavdekarFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Temsunaro Rongsen-ChandolaFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Shanta DuttaFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Madhu GuptaFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).ORCID 0000-0003-3877-9956
Suman KanungoFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Bireshwar SinhaFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Manikandan SrinivasanFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Ankita ShrivastavaFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Adarsh BansalFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Ashita SinghFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Roshine M KoshyFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Dasharatha R JinkaFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Mathew S ThomasFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Anna P AlexanderFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Shajin ThankarajFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Sheena E EbenezerFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Arun S KarthikeyanFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Dilesh KumarFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Swathi K NjarekkattuvalappilFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Reshma RajuFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Nikhil SahaiFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Balaji VeeraraghavanFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Manoj V MurhekarFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Venkata R MohanFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Sindhu K NatarajanFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Karthikeyan RamanujamFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Prasanna SamuelFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Nathan C LoFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Jason AndrewsFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Nicholas C GrasslyFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).
Gagandeep KangFrom Christian Medical College, Vellore (J.J., M.S., A.S.K., D.K., S.K. Njarekkattuvalappil, R.R., N.S., B.V., V.R.M., S.K. Natarajan, K.R., P.S., G.K.), KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune (A. Bavdekar, A. Shrivastava), Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi (T.R.C., B.S.), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata (S.D., S.K.), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.G., A. Bansal), Chinchpada Christian Hospital, Nandurbar (A. Singh), Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Karimganj (R.M.K., S.T.), Rural Development Trust Hospital, Bathalapalli (D.R.J.), Duncan Hospital, Raxaul (M.S.T., S.E.E.), Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali (A.P.A.), and ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai (M.V.M.) - all in India; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (N.C.L.), and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (J.A.) - both in California; and Imperial College London, London (N.C.G.).ORCID 0000-0002-3656-564X
NSSEFI Study Team
Christian Medical College, Vellore · IN

Funding

Multi-disciplinary research training in enteric infectionsD43TW007392 · FIC · CHRISTIAN MEDICAL COLLEGE · PI KANG, GAGANDEEP · 2005 to 2020
$2.9M
FIC NIH HHS D43 TW007392Medical Research Council MR/R015600/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn 2017, more than half the cases of typhoid fever worldwide were projected to have occurred in India. In the absence of contemporary population-based data, it is unclear whether declining trends of hospitalization for typhoid in India reflect increased antibiotic treatment or a true reduction in infection.

methodsFrom 2017 through 2020, we conducted weekly surveillance for acute febrile illness and measured the incidence of typhoid fever (as confirmed on blood culture) in a prospective cohort of children between the ages of 6 months and 14 years at three urban sites and one rural site in India. At an additional urban site and five rural sites, we combined blood-culture testing of hospitalized patients who had a fever with survey data regarding health care use to estimate incidence in the community.

resultsA total of 24,062 children who were enrolled in four cohorts contributed 46,959 child-years of observation. Among these children, 299 culture-confirmed typhoid cases were recorded, with an incidence per 100,000 child-years of 576 to 1173 cases in urban sites and 35 in rural Pune. The estimated incidence of typhoid fever from hospital surveillance ranged from 12 to 1622 cases per 100,000 child-years among children between the ages of 6 months and 14 years and from 108 to 970 cases per 100,000 person-years among those who were 15 years of age or older.

conclusionsThe incidence of typhoid fever in urban India remains high, with generally lower estimates of incidence in most rural areas. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; NSSEFI Clinical Trials Registry of India number, CTRI/2017/09/009719; ISRCTN registry number, ISRCTN72938224.).

Indexed as

Paratyphoid FeverTyphoid FeverAdolescentBlood CultureChildChild, PreschoolCost of IllnessHospitalizationHumansIncidenceIndiaInfantPopulation SurveillanceProspective StudiesRural PopulationUrban Population

Identifiers

PMID37075141
PMCPMC10116367
OpenAlexW4366367896

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