ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2023
Natural Microbial Exposure from the Earliest Natural Time Point Enhances Immune Development by Expanding Immune Cell Progenitors and Mature Immune Cells.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- A naturalized gut microbiome interacts with dietary fibers to protect against colonic inflammation.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- A gavage-fomite based method to generate mouse models with natural microbiota.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- A gavage-fomite based method to generate mouse models with natural microbiota.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Bone marrow and splenic immune composition is unperturbed by short-term exposure to bedding from pet store mice.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Article
- CXCL10 Regulates Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Failure.JACC. Basic to translational science · 2026Article
- A large-scale concordance study of toxicity findings across preclinical species and humans for small molecules and biologics.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Natural microbial enrichment modulates microglial states and transcriptional programs relevant to Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Guardians within: Cross-talk between the gut microbiome and host immune system.World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology · 2025Review
- Physiological microbial exposure normalizes memory T cell surveillance of the brain and modifies host seizure outcomes.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of Parvovirus B19 in Türkiye: A Descriptive Analysis of National Surveillance Data (2020-2024).Balkan medical journal · 2025Article
- Integrating natural commensals and pathogens into preclinical mouse models.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Improving bench-to-bedside translation for acute graft-versus-host disease models.Disease models & mechanisms · 2025Review
- Natural microbial exposure populates the maternal fetal interface with diverse T cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Artificial intelligence-, organoid-, and organ-on-chip-powered models to improve pre-clinical animal testing of vaccines and immunotherapeutics: potential, progress, and challenges.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2025Review
- Leveraging dirty mice that have microbial exposure to improve preclinical models of human immune status and disease.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- CD115Cell reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Microbial experience fundamentally shapes immunity, particularly during the perinatal period when the immune system is underdeveloped, and novel microbial encounters are common. Most animal models are raised in specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions with relatively uniform microbial communities. How SPF housing conditions alter early-life immune development relative to natural microbial exposure (NME) has not been thoroughly investigated. In this article, we compare immune development in SPF-raised mice with mice born from immunologically experienced mothers in microbially diverse environments. NME induced broad immune cell expansion, including naive cells, suggesting mechanisms besides activation-induced proliferation contribute to the increase in immune cell numbers. We found NME conditions also expanded immune cell progenitor cell populations in the bone marrow, suggesting microbial experience enhances immune development at the earliest stages of immune cell differentiation. Multiple immune functions characteristically impaired in infants were also enhanced by NME, including T cell memory and Th1 polarization, B cell class switching and Ab production, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and bacterial clearance after Listeria monocytogenes challenge. Collectively, our studies reveal numerous impairments in immune development in SPF conditions relative to natural immune development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.