ArticleJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2023
Impact of educational attainment on time to cognitive decline among marginalized older adults: Cohort study of 20,311 adults.
Article in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Consent for Research Involving Spanish- and English-Speaking Latinx Adults With Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Trial
- Development and multi-center validation of a high-performance predictive model for early detection of cognitive impairment in older adults: data-based on communities in Northern China.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- The absence of formal work experience may affect the rate of cognitive decline in older adult women: findings from the health and retirement study.Frontiers in global women's health · 2024Article
- Association of diabetes risk with changes in memory, working memory, and processing speed among older adults.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Impact of Age on Cognitive Testing Practice Effects and Cardiorespiratory Responses.Gerontology & geriatric medicineArticle
- Education and age of decline in verbal memory across countries: Evidence from the HRS, MHAS, and CHARLS.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reportsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe effect of years of education on the maintenance of healthy cognitive functioning may differ by race and ethnicity given historical and ongoing inequities in educational quality.
methodsWe examined 20,311 Black, Latinx, and White adults aged 51-100 from the Health and Retirement Study (2008-2016). Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-27 data was used to measure cognitive functioning. Generalized additive mixed models were stratified by race and ethnicity and educational attainment (≥12 vs. <12 years). Selected social determinants of health, all-cause mortality, time-varying health and healthcare utilization characteristics, and study wave were included as covariates.
resultsOn average, Black and Latinx adults scored lower at baseline compared to White adults regardless of educational attainment (p < 0.001), with a significant overlap in the distributions of scores. The rate of cognitive decline was non-linear for Black, Latinx, and White adults (p < 0.001), and a period of stability was witnessed for those with higher educational attainment irrespective of race and ethnicity. Compared to Black, Latinx, and White adults with lower educational attainment, higher-educated White adults received the greatest protection from cognitive decline (13 years; 64 vs. 51), followed by Latinx (12 years; 67 vs. 55), and Black adults (10 years; 61 vs. 51). Latinx adults experienced cognitive decline beginning at a later age.
conclusionsThe extent to which higher educational attainment protects adults from cognitive decline differs by race and ethnicity, such that higher-educated White adults received a greater benefit than higher-educated Black or Latinx adults.
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