Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37073532›Full record

ArticleMolecular systems biology2023

GRaNIE and GRaNPA: inference and evaluation of enhancer-mediated gene regulatory networks.

Aryan Kamal, Christian Arnold, Annique Claringbould, Rim Moussa, Nila H Servaas, Maksim Kholmatov, Neha Daga, Daria Nogina, Sophia Mueller-Dott, Armando Reyes-Palomares and 5 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Molecular systems biology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
40citing papers in PubMed
9.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

40 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Inferring Gene Regulatory Networks in Stem Cells: Methods and Applications.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2027
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  9. Modeling strategies forBioinformatics advances · 2026
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  12. Multi-omic network inference from time-series data.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2025
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  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Review
  20. Chromatin enables precise and scalable gene regulation with factors of limited specificity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Aryan Kamal *European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-1584-5896
Christian Arnold *European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
Annique ClaringbouldEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
Rim MoussaEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-5011-1695
Nila H ServaasEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-9825-7554
Maksim KholmatovEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
Neha DagaEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
Daria NoginaEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-0593-2726
Sophia Mueller-DottEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
Armando Reyes-PalomaresEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-0289-6889
Giovanni PallaEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
Olga SigalovaEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-8598-1079
Daria BuninaEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
Caroline PabstDepartment of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
Judith B ZauggEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-8324-4040
European Molecular Biology Laboratory · DEHeidelberg University · DE

Funding

European Research Council 101044873
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Enhancers play a vital role in gene regulation and are critical in mediating the impact of noncoding genetic variants associated with complex traits. Enhancer activity is a cell-type-specific process regulated by transcription factors (TFs), epigenetic mechanisms and genetic variants. Despite the strong mechanistic link between TFs and enhancers, we currently lack a framework for jointly analysing them in cell-type-specific gene regulatory networks (GRN). Equally important, we lack an unbiased way of assessing the biological significance of inferred GRNs since no complete ground truth exists. To address these gaps, we present GRaNIE (Gene Regulatory Network Inference including Enhancers) and GRaNPA (Gene Regulatory Network Performance Analysis). GRaNIE (https://git.embl.de/grp-zaugg/GRaNIE) builds enhancer-mediated GRNs based on covariation of chromatin accessibility and RNA-seq across samples (e.g. individuals), while GRaNPA (https://git.embl.de/grp-zaugg/GRaNPA) assesses the performance of GRNs for predicting cell-type-specific differential expression. We demonstrate their power by investigating gene regulatory mechanisms underlying the response of macrophages to infection, cancer and common genetic traits including autoimmune diseases. Finally, our methods identify the TF PURA as a putative regulator of pro-inflammatory macrophage polarisation.

Indexed as

Gene Regulatory NetworksNeoplasmsChromatinEnhancer Elements, GeneticGene Expression RegulationHumansTranscription FactorsChromatinTranscription Factorsenhancersgene regulatory networksmacrophage biologymultiomics data integrationtranscriptional regulation

Identifiers

PMID37073532
PMCPMC10258561
OpenAlexW4366351220

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.