ArticleImmunobiology2023
Higher proinflammatory responses possibly contributing to suppressed cytotoxicity in patients with COVID-19 associated mucormycosis.
Article in Immunobiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular Mechanisms of Mucormycosis Pathogenesis: Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immune Evasion.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of pulmonary mucormycosis reveals a failed activation of host immune response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immunohistochemical insights into oxidative stress and programmed cell death in primary and COVID-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis patient tissues.Medical mycology · 2025Article
- Dependability and Prognostic Value of Biomarkers in COVID-19 Associated Rhino-Orbito- Cerebral Mucormycosis- A Long Term Ambispective Study.Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India · 2024Article
- Association of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity with Persistent Immune Activation in HIV/Tuberculosis Co-Infected Patients.Reports (MDPI) · 2024Article
- Antiretroviral Treatment-Induced Galectin-9 Might Impact HIV Viremia in Addition to Contributing to Inflammaging.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- COVID-19, mucormycosis, and the cow: Damned lies!Indian journal of medical microbiologyArticle
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionCOVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM), an opportunistic fungal infection, surged during the second wave of SARS Cov-2 pandemic. Since immune responses play an important role in controlling this infection in immunocompetent hosts, it is required to understand immune perturbations associated with this condition for devising immunotherapeutic strategies for its control. We conducted a study to determine different immune parameters altered in CAM cases as compared to COVID-19 patients without CAM. METHODOLOGY: Cytokine levels in serum samples of CAM cases (n = 29) and COVID-19 patients without CAM (n = 20) were determined using luminex assay. Flow cytometric assays were carried out in 20 CAM cases and 10 controls for determination of frequency of NK cells, DCs, phagocytes, T cells and their functionalities. The cytokine levels were analyzed for their association with each other as well as with T cell functionality. The immune parameters were also analyzed with respect to the known risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and steroid treatment.
resultsSignificant reduction in frequencies of total and CD56 + CD16 + NK cells (cytotoxic subset) was noted in CAM cases. Degranulation responses indicative of cytotoxicity of T cell were significantly hampered in CAM cases as compared to the controls. Conversely, phagocytic functions showed no difference in CAM cases versus their controls except for migratory potential which was found to be enhanced in CAM cases. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-18 and MCP-1 were significantly elevated in cases as compared to the control with IFN-γ and IL-18 levels correlating negatively with CD4 T cell cytotoxicity. Steroid administration was associated with higher frequency of CD56 + CD16- NK cells (cytokine producing subset) and higher MCP-1 levels. Whereas diabetic participants had higher phagocytic and chemotactic potential and had higher levels of IL-6, IL-17 and MCP-1.
conclusionCAM cases differed from the controls in terms of higher titers of proinflammatory cytokines, reduced frequency of total and cytotoxic CD56 + CD16 + NK cell. They also had reduced T cell cytotoxicity correlating inversely with IFN-γ and IL-18 levels, possibly indicating induction of negative feedback mechanisms while diabetes mellitus or steroid administration did not affect the responses negatively.
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