ArticleInfectious Disease Modelling2023
The trade-off between COVID-19 and mental diseases burden during a lockdown: Mathematical modeling of control measures.
Article in Infectious Disease Modelling, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Simulating COVID-19 lockdowns' impact on depressive symptoms in the northern Netherlands.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global burden of mental disorders: a counterfactual modeling study from 1990 to 2021.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Depressive Symptoms and Risk Factors During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among People with/Without Mental Disorders.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Health-related quality of life and QALY loss under COVID-19 lockdown: The case of Spain.PloS one · 2025Article
- An Engineering Alternative to Lockdown During COVID-19 and Other Airborne Infectious Disease Pandemics: Feasibility Study.JMIR biomedical engineering · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries used lockdowns as a containment measure. While lockdowns successfully contributed to slowing down the contagion, the related mobility restrictions were reportedly associated with an increased risk of major depressive and anxiety disorders. We aimed to quantify the trade-off between the quality-adjusted life years (QALY) gain due to lower COVID-19 incidence as a result of a lockdown and QALY loss due to lockdown-induced mental disorders. Methods: We developed an agent-based model of COVID-19 epidemic and coupled mental disorder development in the population of a large city. We used data sources on the places of living, studying and working, public health and census surveys. Modeling of mental disorders was based on diathesis-stress concept. We quantified mental and physical health burden in terms of QALY taking into account major depressive and anxiety disorder episodes, lethal and non-lethal cases of COVID-19, and immunization. Findings: We evaluated the dynamics of new major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorder (AD) cases during the period between September 2020 and December 2021 in Moscow, Russia. We found that lockdown imposition increases the daily chances of getting MDD or ADD by a vulnerable person by 16.79% (95% CI [12.36%, 21.23%]). The QALY loss associated with COVID-19-induced and lockdown-induced mental disorders was estimated to be 18.93% (95% CI [16.94%, 19.73%]) of the total QALY loss caused by COVID-19, immunization, and all kinds of mental disorders. For a synthetic "strong" lockdown, it had been shown that QALY loss is minimized when about 70% of the population are isolated. Interpretation: The burden associated with mental disorders amounts to a considerable part of COVID-19-related losses. Our findings demonstrate that cost-benefit analysis of mobility restriction should include a forecast of mental disorder development in the population.
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