ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
Characterisation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine signature in severe COVID-19.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Systemic inflammation, delirium and clinical progression in mild-moderate Alzheimer disease.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
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- Interleukin-40 as a biomarker of mortality risk in patients with severe pneumonia.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Association of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-α With Severe Pediatric COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.Biomarker insights · 2026Article
- Latent inflammatory activity is associated with alterations in iron bioavailability during early postpartum adaptation in dairy cows.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Exploring the timeline and network interplay of immune mediators in COVID-19 patients according to disease outcome.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
- Inflammatory-Thrombotic Phenotypes and Outcomes in COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Embolism: A Single-Center Cohort Study.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Article
- Longitudinal Meta-cohort study protocol using systems biology to identify vaccine safety biomarkers.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Protein Biomarkers From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Article
- Ethnic Comparisons of Spike-Specific CD4+ T Cells, Serological Responses, and Neutralizing Antibody Titers Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Effect of thyme-ivy syrup on antiviral immune response in patients with mild COVID-19: a prospective, open-label, randomized pilot study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Prognostic Value of Baseline Serum Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Severe Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Circulating Interleukin-17A is associated with executive function in middle aged adults with and without type 2 diabetes.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Exploring IL-6 Signaling and Cytokine-Microbiome Interactions as Emerging Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Performance of plasma p-tau217 for the detection of amyloid-β positivity in a memory clinic cohort using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2024Article
- Functional and structural investigation of a broadly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibody.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Immunomodulation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in colorectal cancer patients with COVID-19.World journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
23 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clinical outcomes from infection with SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, are remarkably variable ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia and death. One of the key drivers of this variability is differing trajectories in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Many studies have noted markedly elevated cytokine levels in severe COVID-19, although results vary by cohort, cytokine studied and sensitivity of assay used. We assessed the immune response in acute COVID-19 by measuring 20 inflammatory markers in 118 unvaccinated patients with acute COVID-19 (median age: 70, IQR: 58-79 years; 48.3% female) recruited during the first year of the pandemic and 44 SARS-CoV-2 naïve healthy controls. Acute COVID-19 was associated with marked elevations in nearly all pro-inflammatory markers, whilst eleven markers (namely IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IL-23, IL-33, TNF-α, IP-10, G-CSF and YKL-40) were associated with disease severity. We observed significant correlations between nearly all markers elevated in those infected with SARS-CoV-2 consistent with widespread immune dysregulation. Principal component analysis highlighted a pro-inflammatory cytokine signature (with strongest contributions from IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-33, G-CSF, TNF-α and IP-10) which was independently associated with severe COVID-19 (aOR: 1.40, 1.11-1.76, p=0.005), invasive mechanical ventilation (aOR: 1.61, 1.19-2.20, p=0.001) and mortality (aOR 1.57, 1.06-2.32, p = 0.02). Our findings demonstrate elevated cytokines and widespread immune dysregulation in severe COVID-19, adding further evidence for the role of a pro-inflammatory cytokine signature in severe and critical COVID-19.
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