ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
A four-part guide to lung immunology: Invasion, inflammation, immunity, and intervention.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Electrical Impedance Tomography-Guided Airway Clearance in Elderly Patients With Severe Pneumonia: A Prospective Study.The clinical respiratory journal · 2025Trial
- Review
- AhR as a Common Denominator in Immunity and Inflammation in Chronic Lung Diseases: Molecular and Clinical Insights.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- [Expression and clinical significance of lymphocyte subsets in infectious pneumonia and immune-related interstitial lung disease].Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences · 2026Article
- Pulmonary toxicity of micro- and nano polyethylene particles following intratracheal instillation in rats.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2026Article
- Blood eosinophil counts and postoperative outcomes in early-stage lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Biofiltration of Bioaerosols Emitted from Organic Waste Management Facilities: A Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Breathing lung-on-chip: a versatile tool for assessing respiratory toxicity across multiple therapeutic modalities.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Proteomic profiling and pathway analyses reveal molecular signatures and immune networks in pediatric sepsis.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- When Checkpoint Inhibitors Break Barriers: Mechanisms and Challenges of irAEs of the Skin, Gastrointestinal Tract, and Lung.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Review
- Special Issue "Inflammatory Airway Diseases: Diagnosis, Pathology, Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment Options".International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Single-Cell Atlas of Fetal Immune Development Across Lung, Spleen, and Umbilical Cord Blood in Nonhuman Primates.Research square · 2026Article
- Unique Immune Polarization of the Lung Allograft: Implications for Organ-specific Immunoregulation and Tolerance Induction.Transplantation · 2026Review
- Host-pathogen interaction in community-acquired pneumonia: a focus on the immune response.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Elevated C-Reactive Protein-Albumin-Lymphocyte Index Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in Chronic Inflammatory Airway Diseases: A Population-Based Observational Study.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Observational
- Article
- A bioinformatic survey of RNA isoform diversity and expression across 9 GTEx tissues using long-read sequencing data.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Major toxin composition of particulate matter from a coal-fired power plant and its proteomics-associated toxicological profiles in the lungs of balb/c mice.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Macrophage fatty acid metabolism under chronic hypoxia shapes γδ T cell recruitment via CCL22.iScience · 2025Article
- Gold nanoparticle-loaded macrophages enhance radiotherapy via immune remodeling in oral cancer.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lungs are important respiratory organs primarily involved in gas exchange. Lungs interact directly with the environment and their primary function is affected by several inflammatory responses caused by allergens, inflammatory mediators, and pathogens, eventually leading to disease. The immune architecture of the lung consists of an extensive network of innate immune cells, which induce adaptive immune responses based on the nature of the pathogen(s). The balance of immune responses is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis in the lung. Infection by pathogens and physical or genetic dysregulation of immune homeostasis result in inflammatory diseases. These responses culminate in the production of a plethora of cytokines such as TSLP, IL-9, IL-25, and IL-33, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Shifting the balance of Th1, Th2, Th9, and Th17 responses have been the targets of therapeutic interventions in the treatment of these diseases. Here, we have briefly reviewed the innate and adaptive i3mmune responses in the lung. Genetic and environmental factors, and infection are the major causes of dysregulation of various functions of the lung. We have elaborated on the impact of inflammatory and infectious diseases, advances in therapies, and drug delivery devices on this critical organ. Finally, we have provided a comprehensive compilation of different inflammatory and infectious diseases of the lungs and commented on the pros and cons of different inhalation devices for the management of lung diseases. The review is intended to provide a summary of the immunology of the lung, with an emphasis on drug and device development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.