ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2023
Sex chromosome complement and sex steroid signaling underlie sex differences in immunity to respiratory virus infection.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Androgens protect ILC2S from functional suppression during influenza virus infection.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Gender differences and psychosocial stress in upper respiratory tract infections: insights from healthy and hematological cancer cohorts.BMC public health · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2-induced dysregulation in ADAR editing patterns persists post viral clearance in individuals with mild COVID-19.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Asthma Pathogenesis.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Grand challenges in sex differences in immunology: problems the field must solve before biological sex can guide clinical practice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Cutting edge: Extrinsic and intrinsic sex effects differentially regulate pulmonary ILC2 numbers, phenotype, and function.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Sex-Specific Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Pulmonary Immune Responses.Current opinion in physiology · 2025Article
- Epidemiological trends and pathogen analysis of pediatric acute respiratory infections in Hanzhong Hospital, China: insights from 2023 to 2024.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria: Health and Pathophysiological Aspects of Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have revealed sex differences in the incidence and morbidity of respiratory virus infection in the human population, and often these observations are correlated with sex differences in the quality or magnitude of the immune response. Sex differences in immunity and morbidity also are observed in animal models of respiratory virus infection, suggesting differential dominance of specific immune mechanisms. Emerging research shows intrinsic sex differences in immune cell transcriptomes, epigenomes, and proteomes that may regulate human immunity when challenged by viral infection. Here, we highlight recent research into the role(s) of sex steroids and X chromosome complement in immune cells and describe how these findings provide insight into immunity during respiratory virus infection. We focus on the regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells by receptors for androgen and estrogens, as well as genes with a propensity to escape X chromosome inactivation. A deeper mechanistic knowledge of these pathways will help us to understand the often significant sex differences in immunity to endemic or pandemic respiratory pathogens such as influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses and pathogenic coronaviruses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.