SynthesisBrain and behavior2023
Instruments measuring change in cognitive function in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review.
Synthesis in Brain and behavior, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Instruments measuring change in cognitive function in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review.Brain and behavior · 2023Pooled it
- What if it is the eyes? The effect of eye movement disorders on cognitive testing in MS.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Polysomnographic Studies and Implications for Neurorehabilitation Strategies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cognitive outcomes in multiple sclerosis are shaped by divergent functional connectivity trajectories.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Reliability and validity of the Huntington's Disease Everyday Functioning (Hi-DEF): A patient-reported measure of cognitive capacity on daily functioning in Huntington's disease.Journal of Huntington's disease · 2025Article
- Optical coherence tomography angiography biomarkers in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a systematic review.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Review
- Effect of impairment on health-related quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis: association of functional systems and EQ-5D-5L index values in a cross-sectional study.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Trajectories of Digital Cognitive Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Observational
- A Review of the Impact of Platform Therapies (DMTs) on Associated Clinical Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Review
- Article
- Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: from phenomenology to neurobiological mechanisms.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Review
- Frequency of cognitive impairment in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Mexico.Multiple sclerosis journal - experimental, translational and clinicalArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating/neurodegenerative disease associated with change in cognitive function (CF) over time. This systematic review aims to describe the instruments used to measure change in CF over time in people with MS (PwMS).
methodsPubMed, OVID, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched in English until May 2021. Articles were included if they had at least 100 participants and at least a 1-year interval between baseline and last follow-up measurement of CF. Results were quantitatively synthesized, presented in tables and risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
resultsFifty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria (41,623 PwMS and 1105 controls). An intervention (drug/rehabilitation) was assessed in 22 articles. In the studies that used a test battery, Visual and verbal learning and memory were the most frequently measured domains, but when studies that used test battery or a single test are combined, Information processing speed was the most measured. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) was the most frequently used test as a single test and in a test battery combined. Most studied assessed "change in CF" as cognitive decline defined as 1 or more tests measured as ≥ 1.5 SD from the study control or normative mean in a test battery at baseline and follow-up. Meta-analysis of change in SDMT scores with seven articles indicated a nonstatistically significant -0.03 (95% CI -0.14, 0.09) decrease in mean SDMT score per year.
conclusionThis study highlights the slow rate of measured change in cognition in PwMS and emphasizes the lack of a gold standard test and consistency in measuring cognitive change at the population level. More sensitive testing utilizing multiple domains and longer follow-up may define subgroups where CF change follows different trajectories thus allowing targeted interventions to directly support those where CF is at greatest risk of becoming a clinically meaningful issue.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.