ArticleClinical and experimental medicine2023
Unique immune and inflammatory cytokine profiles may define long COVID syndrome.
Article in Clinical and experimental medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dysregulated NK-cell gene expression defines the enduring symptoms of long COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Plasma protein biomarkers ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Inflammatory pathways in patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: The role of the clinical immunologist.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2024Review
- sMR and PTX3 levels associate with COVID-19 outcome and survival but not with Long COVID.iScience · 2024Article
- Predictive Factors andInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Predictive Role of Cytokine and Adipokine Panel in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Evaluation of Disease Severity, Survival and Lung Sequelae.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Altered Tumor Necrosis Factor Response in Neurologic Postacute SARS-CoV-2 Syndrome.Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeLong COVID is estimated to occur in 5-10% of individuals after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the pathophysiology driving the disease process is poorly understood.
methodsWe evaluated urine and plasma inflammatory and immune cytokine profiles in 33 individuals with long COVID compared to 33 who were asymptomatic and recovered, and 34 without prior infection.
resultsMean urinary leukotriene E4 was significantly elevated among individuals with long COVID compared to asymptomatic and recovered individuals (mean difference 774.2 pg/mL; SD 335.7) and individuals without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (mean difference 503.1 pg/ml; SD 467.7). Plasma chemokine ligand 6 levels were elevated among individuals with long COVID compared to individuals with no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (mean difference 0.59 units; SD 0.42). We found no significant difference in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 antibody levels. Plasma tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) levels were reduced among individuals with long COVID compared to individuals who were asymptomatic and recovered (mean difference = 0.6 units, SD 0.46). Similarly, the mean level of Sarcoma Homology 2-B adapter protein 3 was 3.3 units (SD 1.24) among individuals with long COVID, lower than 4.2 units (SD 1.1) among individuals with recovered, asymptomatic COVID.
conclusionOur findings suggest that further studies should be conducted to evaluate the role of leukotriene E4 as a potential biomarker for a diagnostic test. Furthermore, based on reductions in TRAF2, long COVID may be driven in part by impaired TRAF2-dependent immune-mediated inflammation and potentially immune exhaustion.
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