SynthesisSystematic reviews2023
Over 40 years (1981-2023) assessing stigma with the Community Attitudes to Mental Illness (CAMI) scale: a systematic review of its psychometric properties.
Synthesis in Systematic reviews, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Gender differences in attitudes toward mental illness: a cross-sectional study among the Saudi community in Jizan, Saudi Arabia.The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · 2026Article
- Public knowledge, stigma, and social acceptance toward mental illness in the Gulf region: a cross-sectional survey.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Comparing Public Attitudes to Traditional Biomedical Versus Trauma-Informed Approaches in Psychosis Services.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2026Article
- Exploring African Community Attitudes Towards Mental Illness in Australia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The effectiveness of podcasts in promoting health among young people: a scoping review.Health promotion international · 2025Article
- 'Not my mess'?: How do supporters of individuals with hoarding difficulties rate the quality of the support they offer?The British journal of clinical psychology · 2025Article
- Indigenous people display lower mental illness stigma in Aotearoa.The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Evaluating the influence of a psychiatry training program on nursing students' attitudes towards mentally ill.Journal of education and health promotion · 2025Article
- Mental Health and Care Utilization Among Ethiopian-Israeli Immigrants During the Period of COVID-19.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Geographical variation in perceptions, attitudes and barriers to mental health care-seeking across the UK: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Factors Associated With Mental Health Literacy in HIV Care: Evidence From a Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study to Inform Interventions.Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMPArticle
- Impact of Psychiatry Posting on Attitudes Toward Mental Illness: A Prospective Cohort Study of Medical Students From Three Universities.Journal of medical education and curricular developmentArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe Community Attitudes to Mental Illness (CAMI) scale measures social stigma towards people with mental illness. Although it has been used worldwide, the psychometric properties of the CAMI have not been systematically reviewed. The main aim of this study was to systematically review the psychometric properties of the different versions of the CAMI more than 40 years after of its publication.
methodsA systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and EMBASE from 1981 (year of publication) to 2023 (present). A double review was performed for eligibility, data extraction, and quality assessment.
resultsA total of 15 studies enrolling 10,841 participants were included. The most frequently reported factor structure comprises 3 or 4 factors. Overall, the internal consistency seems adequate for the global scale (α ≥ 0.80), except for CAMI-10 (α = 0.69). Internal consistency of the subscales are not supported, with authoritarianism being the weakest factor (α = 0.27 to 0.68). The stability over time of the total scale has been assessed in the CAMI-40, CAMI-BR, and CAMI-10 (r ≥ 0.39). Few studies have assessed the temporal stability of the CAMI subscales. Most of the correlations with potentially related measures are significant and in the expected direction.
conclusionsThe 3 and 4 factor structure are the most widely reported in the different versions of the CAMI. Even though reliability and construct validity are acceptable, further item refinement by international consensus seems warranted more than 40 years after the original publication. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO identification number: CRD42018098956.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.