ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2024
Disparities in COVID-19 Hospitalization at the Intersection of Race and Ethnicity and Income.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of Demographic Factors and Comorbidities on SAR-CoV-2 (Coronavirus) Severity in Southern New Mexico.AJPM focus · 2026Article
- Racial Disparities in Long COVID: Why Black Americans are Likely Underrepresented in Long COVID Estimates.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- Social Vulnerability and Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes After COVID-19 Hospitalization: An Analysis of the American Heart Association COVID-19 Registry Linked With Medicare Claims Data.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic status and risk of COVID-19 hospitalization in theFrontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Health Disparities in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder and COVID-19.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExisting studies have elucidated racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 hospitalizations, but few have examined disparities at the intersection of race and ethnicity and income.
methodsWe used a population-based probability survey of non-institutionalized adults in Michigan with a polymerase chain reaction-positive SARS-CoV-2 test before November 16, 2020. We categorized respondents by race and ethnicity and annual household income: low-income (< $50,000) Non-Hispanic (NH) Black, high-income (≥ $50,000) NH Black, low-income Hispanic, high-income Hispanic, low-income NH White, and high-income NH White. We used modified Poisson regression models, adjusting for sex, age group, survey mode, and sample wave, to estimate COVID-19 hospitalization prevalence ratios by race and ethnicity and income.
resultsOver half of the analytic sample (n = 1593) was female (54.9%) and age 45 or older (52.5%), with 14.5% hospitalized for COVID-19. Hospitalization was most prevalent among low-income (32.9%) and high-income (31.2%) Non-Hispanic (NH) Black adults, followed by low-income NH White (15.3%), low-income Hispanic (12.9%), high-income NH White (9.6%), and high-income Hispanic adults (8.8%). In adjusted models, NH Black adults, regardless of income (low-income prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.36-2.54; high-income PR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.07-2.31), and low-income NH White adults (PR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.12-2.07), had higher prevalence of hospitalization compared to high-income NH White adults. We observed no significant difference in the prevalence of hospitalization among Hispanic adults relative to high-income NH White adults.
conclusionsWe observed disparities in COVID-19 hospitalization at the intersection of race and ethnicity and income for NH Black adults and low-income NH White adults relative to high-income NH White adults, but not for Hispanic adults.
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