ReviewGut microbes
Comparing early life nutritional sources and human milk feeding practices: personalized and dynamic nutrition supports infant gut microbiome development and immune system maturation.
Review in Gut microbes. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Economic evaluations of human milk for very preterm infants: a systematic review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Reversible aberrancies in gut microbiome of moderate and late preterm infants: results from a randomized, controlled trial.Gut microbes · 2023Trial
- Decoding the HMO‒microbiome axis: bridging maternal milk to infant health outcomes.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Microbial shifts in early life: the pediatric gut microbiome and its role in health and disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- From genes to environment: A life-course approach to prevent pediatric autoimmune diseases.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Review
- Improving direct breastfeeding at discharge in a Level II Neonatal ICU.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Dynamic Succession of the Early-Life Gut Microbiota and the Regulatory Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Modification of a breast pump suction pattern increases milk yield during the first 4 days postpartum.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Research Progress in Multi-Omics Analysis of Dairy Products: Nutritional Quality, Safety Evaluation, and Health Functions.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Mother-to-offspring microbial vertical transmission: timing, determinants, and impact on offspring susceptibility to gastrointestinal diseases.Medical review (2021) · 2026Review
- Shaping of the Infant Gut Microbiome by Milk Oligosaccharides.Annual review of biochemistry · 2026Review
- Priming innate immunity and long-term outcome.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Review
- Breastfeeding in infancy confers sex-specific, long-term protection against metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis and adverse liver outcomes.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Investigating milk-derived extracellular vesicles as mediators of maternal stress and environmental intervention.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Early life bacteria and sibling exposure associate with restoration of the infant gut microbiome after cesarean section.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic comparison of human intestinal organoids and Caco-2 cells in modeling nutrient absorption: insights from infant formula and breast milk.NPJ science of food · 2026Article
- Microbiome, Epigenetics, and Nutritional Factors in Shaping Perinatal Pregnancy Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A Metagenomic Comparison of the Colostrum Microbiome in Bulgarian Mothers by Delivery Mode: A Pilot Study.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Association of feeding methods in early life with gut microbiota in neonates.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- A unique blend of five human milk oligosaccharides supports recovery of infant microbiome composition and function afterFrontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of life, but many infants receive pumped milk, formula, donor human milk, or other nutritional sources during this critical period. Substantive evidence shows early nutrition influences development of the microbiome and immune system, affecting lifelong health. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear and the nuances of human milk feeding are rarely considered. This review synthesizes evidence from human studies and model systems to discuss the impact of different nutritional sources on co-development of the gut microbiome, antigen tolerance, and immunity. We highlight two key mechanisms: epigenetics and the so-called "weaning reaction". Collectively, this evidence highlights i) the fundamental role of parents' own milk, fed directly at the breast, as a dynamic and personalized nutrition source that drives developmental programming, and ii) the deficiencies of alternative nutritional sources and priority research areas for improving these alternatives when direct breastfeeding is not possible.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.