ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2023
Gender-Specific Impact of Sex Hormones on the Immune System.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 123 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
123 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 159 citations in OpenAlex.
- Iron overload disorders in adults: a comprehensive review of gonadal function, reproductive, and sexual health.Human reproduction update · 2026Pooled it
- Sex-dimorphic gene regulation in murine macrophages across niches.Immunology and cell biology · 2025Pooled it
- HLA alleles and dengue susceptibility across populations in the era of climate change: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of sex but not race and geographic origin on vaccine-induced HIV-specific antibody responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- 'My HS is significantly impacted by my cycle': a cross-sectional study exploring the impact of menstruation and pregnancy on hidradenitis suppurativa.Skin health and disease · 2026Article
- The Impact of Early Childhood Caries on Asthma Trajectories During the First 15 Years of Life.Allergy · 2026Article
- Endogenous Sex Hormones Explain Variation in Long-Term SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Persistence Beyond Biological Sex.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Reproductive Lifespan and Adult-Onset Bronchiectasis in U.S. Postmenopausal Women: An Investigation of the Women's Health Initiative Cohort.Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Miami, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Experimental robustness and reproducibility of the murine cecal ligation and puncture sepsis model.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2026Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Pharmacovigilance signal detection of central nervous system demyelinating diseases following human papillomavirus vaccination: data mining and signal analysis based on the VAERS database.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Defining Reference Intervals for Complete Blood Count and Micronutrient Parameters in Urban Bangladeshi Population.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Long-Lasting Antibody and CD8Vaccines · 2026Article
- Epidemiological Trends and Clinical Characteristics of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Febrile Children in Zhejiang, China: A Retrospective Study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- Association between sex hormones and innate cytotoxic capacity of circulating and rectal mucosal immune cells.Clinical immunology communications · 2026Article
- Asymptomatic COVID-19 among university students during the low-risk transmission period.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Endocrine Autoimmunity and Inflammatory Signatures in Pediatric Celiac Disease: Context-Dependent Patterns.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Role of Complement Component 9 in Bone Health: Causal Evidence in Humans and Mechanistic Studies in Mice.Calcified tissue international · 2026Article
- Impact of influenza vaccination on in-hospital outcomes among patients with heart failure and acute respiratory illness.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2026Article
- Association between high-density lipoprotein-related inflammation index and prevalence of sleep disorders with depression as a mediator.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
63 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sex hormones are key determinants of gender-related differences and regulate growth and development during puberty. They also exert a broad range modulation of immune cell functions, and a dichotomy exists in the immune response between the sexes. Both clinical and animal models have demonstrated that androgens, estrogens, and progestogens mediate many of the gender-specific differences in immune responses, from the susceptibility to infectious diseases to the prevalence of autoimmune disorders. Androgens and progestogens mainly promote immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory effects, whereas estrogens enhance humoral immunity both in men and in women. This study summarizes the available evidence regarding the physiological effects of sex hormones on human immune cell function and the underlying biological mechanisms, focusing on gender differences triggered by different amounts of androgens between males and females.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.