ArticleBMJ open2023
Change in global burden of unintentional drowning from 1990 to 2019 and its association with social determinants of health: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.
Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spatio-temporal clustering of drowning mortality in Iran, from 2005 to 2022.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of injury associated internal hemorrhage in the abdomen and pelvis from 1990-2021.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Subnational inequalities and preventable gaps in drowning premature mortality and non-fatal health loss among population younger than 20 years.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- An analysis of global legislation and regulation related to drowning prevention.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Adapting WHO drowning prevention strategies for children in Indonesia: barriers, enablers, and policy perspectives for LMICs.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2025Review
- Burden of unintentional drowning in Indonesia: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2025Article
- Preventing Child Drowning in Indonesia: A Community-Informed Health Promotion Perspective.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2025Article
- Burden and risk factors of premature drowning mortality in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2021.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Global burden of drowning and risk factors across 204 countries from 1990 to 2021.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- National estimates of mortality of unintentional drowning in China from 1990 to 2021 and its predicted level in the next decade: results from the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Burden of infant mortality associated with flood in 37 African countries.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Next-Generation swimming pool drowning prevention strategy integrating AI and IoT technologies.Heliyon · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo systematically analyse global, regional and national burden change of unintentional drowning from 1990 to 2019, and to further quantify the contribution of social determinants of health (SDH) on the change.
designData from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 were used in this study. SETTING AND
participantsIndividuals of all ages and genders from 204 countries and territories.
main outcome measuresThe main outcomes were the age-standardised rates (ASRs) of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of unintentional drowning. The percentage change in the ASRs were used to estimate the joint effect of SDH on trends in global burden of drowning.
resultsWe observed that the global burden of unintentional drowning declined markedly from 1990 to 2019, with age-standardised mortality rate and DALYs rate decreasing by 61.5% and 68.2%, respectively. Women, children, middle Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) countries, South-East Asia and Western Pacific region had higher reduction. At national level, greater reductions were observed in Armenia and Republic of Korea, but significant increases in Cabo Verde and Vanuatu. We found that every one percentile increase in six SDHs (Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per person, SDI, educational attainment, health spending, health workers and urbanisation) was associated with a decrease of 0.15% and 0.16% in drowning age-standardised mortality rate and DALYs rate globally, respectively. Health spending and GDP per capita were the main contributors to the reduction of drowning globally.
conclusionsThe global burden of unintentional drowning significantly declined in the past three decades, and the improvement of SDHs such as GDP per capita and health spending mainly contributed to the decrease. Our findings indicate that improvement of SDHs is critical for drowning prevention and control.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.