ArticleBMC psychiatry2023
Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the external and internal shame scale (EISS).
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation of the Arabic Trichotillomania Dimensional Scale (TTM-D) in an Online Convenience Sample From Five Arab Countries.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Direct and Indirect Effects of Workplace Bullying on Psychotic Experiences Among Tunisian Workers: The Intermediate Role of Shame.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the 10-item State Shame and Guilt Scale.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Cultural stigma, psychological distress and help-seeking: Moderating role of self-esteem and self-stigma in Lebanon.PloS one · 2025Article
- The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 8: investigating its cutoff scores in relevance to loneliness and burnout among dementia family caregivers.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Measuring public attitudes towards people living with chronic diseases in Arabic-speaking populations: adaptation and development of the Social Stigma Scale of Chronic Diseases (SSS-CD).BMC public health · 2023Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundThe concept of shame in Arab societies displays multiple differences when compared to Western societies in terms of nature, sources, types, and correlates. Surprisingly, we could not find any study investigating this increasingly important construct in Arab countries or the broad Arabic-speaking communities. This may likely be due to the lack of valid instruments assessing shame in the Arabic language. To address this major gap and contribute to the international literature, we sought to examine the psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the External and Internal Shame Scale (EISS) among a community sample of Arabic-speaking adults from Lebanon.
methodsAn online survey was conducted among Lebanese adults between July and August 2022. A total of 570 Lebanese adults completed the EISS, as well as Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, Other as shamer scale, and the Standardized Stigmatization Questionnaire. Exploratory-to-confirmatory (EFA-CFA) factor analyses were conducted.
resultsExploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a unidimensional model of EISS scores, with all eight items retained. Scores achieved scalar invariance across gender, with no significant difference reported between females and males. EISS scores were found to have adequate composite reliability (McDonald's ω = 0.88 for the total score); as well as adequate patterns of correlations with depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, as well as stigmatization scores. Finally, our analyses provide support to the concurrent validity of the Arabic version of the scale, by showing that the EISS total scores strongly correlated with the external shame measure "other as shamer".
conclusionAlthough further validations are necessary before our findings could be generalized, we preliminarily suggest that this is a short, easy-to-use, self-report scale that enables a reliable and valid measure of the shame construct among Arabic-speaking people.
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