ArticleRespiratory care2023
Formulating the Research Question and Framing the Hypothesis.
Article in Respiratory care, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors increase the risk of alveolar osteitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal · 2026Pooled it
- Electromyography of shoulder muscles in individuals without scapular dyskinesis during closed kinetic chain exercises on stable and unstable surfaces: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Pooled it
- From review to synthesis: A step-by-step methodological guide to systematic reviews and multilevel meta-analyses.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- Core themes of high quality, safe inpatient care for people with PD.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Review
- Procedural sedation in dentistry: a scoping review and proposal for an ad hoc informed consent.BMC medical ethics · 2026Article
- Implementation of project management methodologies in microbiology research laboratories.Access microbiology · 2025Article
- Research Hypothesis: A Brief History, Central Role in Scientific Inquiry, and Characteristics.Addiction & health · 2025Article
- How to Write the Methods Section of a Research Manuscript.Respiratory care · 2023Article
- How to Write an Abstract for Presentation at a Scientific Meeting.Respiratory care · 2023Article
- An Overview of How to Search and Write a Medical Literature Review.Respiratory care · 2023Article
- How to Present Your Research Findings at a Scientific Meeting.Respiratory care · 2023Article
- Submitting a Manuscript to a Scientific Journal.Respiratory care · 2023Review
- Understanding the Experiences of Clinicians Accessing Electronic Databases to Search for Evidence on Pain Management Using a Mixed Methods Approach.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- How can we address the surge of low-quality systematic reviews and their impact on high journal rejection rates?Colombia medica (Cali, Colombia)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An understanding of the research process is an essential skill for designing a study and developing the research protocol. Poor study design can lead to fatal flaws in research methodology, ultimately resulting in rejection for publication or limiting the reliability of the results. Following the steps of the research process and devising the research question and hypothesis prior to study initiation can avoid common problems encountered with research questions and study design. Formulating the research question is the first step in the research process and provides the foundation for framing the hypothesis. Research questions should be feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant (FINER). Application of the FINER criteria can assist with ensuring the question is valid and will generate new knowledge that has clinical impact. Utilization of the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) format helps to structure the question as well as refine and narrow the focus from a broad topic. The hypothesis is derived from the research question and is used to determine the experiments or interventions that will answer the question. This aim of this paper is to provide guidance for developing research questions and forming a testable hypothesis through application of the FINER criteria and the PICO process.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.