ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2023
Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infections in inactivated COVID-19 vaccine recipients induced distinct pattern of antibody and T cell responses to different Omicron sublineages.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Longitudinal assessment of immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 booster immunization and breakthrough infection in blood donors: A multicenter study from 2021 to 2023.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Hybrid Immunity in a Mozambican Cohort After 1 or 2 Doses of the BBIBP-CorV Vaccine.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Article
- Robust mucosal SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells effectively combat COVID-19 and establish polyfunctional resident memory in patient lungs.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- A Hidden Guardian: The Stability and Spectrum of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in COVID-19 Response in Chinese Adults.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Vaccination, infection, and hybrid immunity: determinants of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels and protection in Quzhou, China.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Review
- Evaluating the Quality of Studies Assessing COVID-19 Vaccine Neutralizing Antibody Immunogenicity.Vaccines · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 9 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain and Omicron sublineages induced by BA.1 breakthrough infection in vaccinees of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines have not been well characterized. Here, we report that BA.1 breakthrough infection induced mucosal sIgA and resulted in higher IgG titers against prototype strain and Omicron sublineages in vaccinees than in vaccine naïve-infected individuals. BA.1 breakthrough infection boosted antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis to prototype strain and BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.2.75 but not BA.4/5 and induced neutralization against prototype strain and BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.2.75, and BA.4/5 but not BF.7, BQ.1, and XBB. In total, BA.1 breakthrough infection individuals produced less extensive sIgA, plasma IgG and NAb responses against Omicron sublineages compared with those against prototype strain. Further, BA.1 breakthrough infection induced recall B cell response to prototype strain and Omicron variant, primarily targeting memory B cells producing conserved epitopes. Memory T cell responses against Omicron is largely preserved. Individuals with vaccine booster did not induce more beneficial immune responses to Omicron sublineages upon BA.1 breakthrough infection than those with primary vaccine dose only. The breakthrough infection individuals produced stronger adaptive immunity than those of inactivated vaccine-healthy individuals. These data have important implications for understanding the vaccine effectiveness and adaptive immunity to breakthrough infection in individuals fully immunized with inactivated vaccines. Omicron sublineages, especially for those emerged after BA.4/5 strain, evade NAb responses induced by BA.1 breakthrough infection. It is urgent to optimize the vaccine immunogen design and formulations to SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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