ArticleEuropean journal of orthodontics2023
A longitudinal study of facial asymmetry in a normal birth cohort up to 6 years of age and the predisposing factors.
Article in European journal of orthodontics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Three-Dimensional Displacement of Upper Cervical Vertebrae in Severe Mandibular Deviation Caused by Condylar Hyperplasia: A Tomographic Segmentation Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- From infancy to toddlerhood: A 3D analysis of facial asymmetry in children with and without orofacial clefts.Clinical oral investigations · 2025Article
- Limits in the Perception of Facial Symmetry-A Prospective Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Does Hand-Predominance Have a Predominant Influence on Craniofacial Asymmetric and Anthropometric Analysis in Preadolescences?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The relationship between facial directional asymmetry, handedness, chewing side preference, and eyedness.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Factors Influencing the Duration of Rehabilitation in Infants with Torticollis-A Pilot Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis prospective, population-based cohort study aimed to investigate the development of facial asymmetry up to 6 years of age using a three-dimensional (3D) soft tissue imaging method in a normal population. In addition, the study sought to identify potential predisposing factors to facial asymmetry.
methodsA total of 102 newborns were enrolled in the study at birth. 3D stereophotogrammetric images of the head and face were analysed at the ages of 12 months (T1), 3 years (T2), and 6 years (T3). The surface-based analysis involved the calculation of the average distance (mm) and the symmetry percentage (%) between the original and mirrored surfaces. For landmark-based analysis, the distance of facial landmarks to the facial midline was examined.
resultsThe final analysis included 70 (68.6%) subjects. Surface-based analysis showed a significant improvement of facial symmetry from T1 to T3 in all facial areas. Landmark-based analysis showed that upper facial landmarks were located, on average, slightly on the left and lower facial landmarks slightly on the right in relation to the facial midline (P < 0.001). LIMITATIONS: The size of the study population was limited. Facial posture may affect the reliability of the results, especially in younger children.
conclusionFacial asymmetry is detectable in early childhood and tends to reduce with age in young children. The lower face deviates slightly to the right, and the upper face to the left in relation to the facial midline. Possible predisposing factors for facial asymmetry at the age of 6 years include deformational plagiocephaly, sleeping position, and previous facial asymmetry.
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