ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
Towards a consensus definition of immune exclusion in cancer.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers.
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Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed.
- Arginine metabolism, polyamine homeostasis and ferroptosis in cancer: Molecular links and therapeutic opportunities (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- The FAP × CD3 bispecific antibody OMTX305 induces T cell-mediated antitumor effects in patient-derived ex vivo models of solid tumors.Science advances · 2026Article
- Immunoediting and precision biomarkers in prostate cancer: The emerging role of liquid biopsy, immune contexture and HLA genotype (Review).International journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Review
- Overcoming resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer: translational mechanisms, dynamic biomarkers, clinically actionable combination strategies, and comparative checkpoint biology.Immunologic research · 2026Review
- Macrophage Plasticity in Cancer Therapy: Function, Timing, and Tradeoffs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Prognostic Value of Morphological Characteristics and Immune Microenvironment in High-Grade Serous Cancer (HGSC).Cancers · 2026Article
- The extracellular matrix in cancer-associated fibrosis: molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance.JCI insight · 2026Review
- Targeting the Barriers Driving Immune Exclusion.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Beyond PD-1/PD-L1: Reprogramming the Gynecologic Tumor Microenvironment by Targeting TIGIT and Myeloid Suppression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Spatial analysis of malignant-immune cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment using topological data analysis.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2026Article
- Targeting cytokine/chemokine signaling to convert immunologically cold tumors into hot: Emerging strategies in cancer immunotherapy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- CD155 links tumor immunotype to epithelial-directed precision therapy beyond checkpoint inhibition in cervical cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Development and validation of artificial intelligence-based model for bladder cancer immunophenotyping using whole slide images.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- Early Recurrence of HCC Is Driven by Inflammation-Related HIF-1α Independent Angiogenesis Rather than Hypoxia-Induced Immune Escape.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Review
- Metabolic [¹⁸F]F-AraG PET imaging of T Cell activation: a functional complement to cell-specific immune tracers.EJNMMI research · 2026Review
- Beyond tumor biology: nursing interventions for psychological and immune health in cancer patients.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Review
- Digital spatial profiling of α-PD-1 treated breast cancer bone metastases reveals region-specific signaling and enrichment of immune-suppressive markers.Journal of bone oncology · 2026Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The immune cell topography of solid tumors has been increasingly recognized as an important predictive factor for progression of disease and response to immunotherapy. The distribution pattern of immune cells in solid tumors is commonly classified into three categories - namely, " Materials and methods: In this review, we look at the ways immune exclusion has been defined in published literature and identify opportunities to develop consistent, quantifiable definitions, which in turn, will allow better determination of the underlying mechanisms that span cancer types and, ultimately, aid in the development of treatments to target these mechanisms. Results: The definitions of tumor immune phenotypes, especially immune exclusion, have largely been conceptual. The existing literature lacks in consistency when it comes to practically defining immune exclusion, and there is no consensus on a definition. Majority of the definitions use somewhat arbitrary cut-offs in an attempt to place each tumor into a distinct phenotypic category. Tumor heterogeneity is often not accounted for, which limits the practical application of a definition. Conclusions: We have identified two key issues in existing definitions of immune exclusion, establishing clinically relevant cut-offs within the spectrum of immune cell infiltration as well as tumor heterogeneity. We propose an approach to overcome these limitations, by reporting the degree of immune cell infiltration, tying cut-offs to clinically meaningful outcome measures, maximizing the number of regions of a tumor that are analyzed and reporting the degree of heterogeneity. This will allow for a consensus practical definition for operationalizing this categorization into clinical trial and signal-seeking endpoints.
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