ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
Third SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and breakthrough infections enhance humoral and cellular immunity against variants of concern.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal immunization status and SARS-CoV-2 antibody transfer to neonates at birth.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- JN.1 variants circulating in Italy from October 2023 to April 2024: genetic diversity and immune recognition.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Effective cellular and neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA booster vaccination is associated with pDC and B cell activation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Evaluation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 T-Cell Immunity Over 2 Years Following Vaccination and Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- The Protective Efficacy of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidate B.1.351V against Several Variant Challenges in K18-hACE2 Mice.Vaccines · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections enhance T cell response magnitude, breadth, and epitope repertoire.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- The varying extent of humoral and cellular immune responses to either vector- or RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines persists for at least 18 months and is independent of infection.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Blood T cell phenotypes correlate with fatigue severity in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.Infection · 2024Article
- Clinical characteristics and antibody response to Omicron variants among solid carcinoma patients in China on the 2022.12-2023.4 wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- A two-arm analysis of the immune response to heterologous boosting of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in lung transplant recipients in the Omicron era.JHLT open · 2023Article
- Diminished Neutralization Capacity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 in Donor Plasma Collected from January to March 2021.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is the leading strategy to prevent severe courses after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In our study, we analyzed humoral and cellular immune responses in detail to three consecutive homologous or heterologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations and breakthrough infections. Methods: Peripheral blood samples of n=20 individuals were analyzed in the time course of three SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations and/or breakthrough infection. S1-, RBD-, S2- and N-specific IgG antibodies were quantified using Luminex-based multiplex assays and electrochemiluminescence multiplex assays for surrogate neutralization in plasma. Changes in cellular immune components were determined via flow cytometry of whole blood samples. Results: All individuals (n=20) responded to vaccination with increasing S1-/RBD-/S2-specific IgG levels, whereas specific plasma IgA displayed individual variability. The third dose increased antibody inhibitory capacity (AIC) against immune-escape variants Beta and Omicron BA.1 independently of age. The mRNA-primed vaccination induced IgG and IgA immunity more efficiently, whereas vector-primed individuals displayed higher levels of memory T and B cells. Vaccinees showed SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses, which were further improved and specified after Omicron breakthrough infections in parallel to the appearance of new variant-specific antibodies. Discussion: In conclusion, the third vaccination was essential to increase IgG levels, mandatory to boost AIC against immune-escape variants, and induced SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. Breakthrough infection with Omicron generates additional spike specificities covering all known variants.
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