ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2023
Pathological social withdrawal in autism spectrum disorder: A case control study of hikikomori in Japan.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Functioning, disability, and health of individuals with Hikikomori (prolonged social withdrawal) and their families: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.The International journal of social psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- The effectiveness of social training in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a systematic review and transfer analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- TALE and Hox Transcription Factors Modulate Adult Behaviors in Zebrafish.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Hikikomori as a culturally situated expression of neurodivergence: A two-stage international analysis.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- Hikikomori in the urban digital era: a psychodynamic, transdiagnostic model and multimodal interventions.Current opinion in psychiatry · 2026Review
- TALE and Hox Transcription Factors Control Adult Behaviors in Zebrafish.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Identifying hub functions and collaboration patterns in hikikomori support networks: A nationwide cross-sectional study.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- Exploring the Cognitive and Behavioral Risks and Maintenance Factors of Hikikomori: Protocol for an Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Autism and Hikikomori Risk: A Link Beyond Other Psychopathologies, and Their Relationship to Loneliness and Solitude.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Global psychiatrists' opinions aboutPCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Article
- Explainable machine learning models predicting the risk of social isolation in older adults: a prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Comorbidity Between Hikikomori and Autistic Traits May Be Identified as a Phenotypical Presentation Characterized by Greater Severity.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Investigating the Overlap ofMedicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- On Your Own: An Explorative Study on the Psychopathological and Psychosocial Correlates of Hikikomori Symptoms in Dutch Adolescents and Young Adults.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
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- Hikikomori in the Middle East: The role of problematic gaming, social media use, and loneliness.PloS one · 2024Article
- Case report: hikikomori syndrome in Italy and its link with autistic traits and internet gaming disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Autism Spectrum, Hikikomori Syndrome and Internet Gaming Disorder: Is There a Link?Brain sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Hikikomori, a form of pathological social withdrawal, has been suggested to have comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aimed to clarify how characteristics of ASD are associated with hikikomori. Methods: Thirty-nine adult male patients with a diagnosis of ASD attending our outpatient clinic for neurodevelopmental disabilities were subjected to a structured interview regarding social withdrawal, various self-administered questionnaires, and blood tests. Through structured interviews, the subjects were divided into two groups: (Group 1) ASD with hikikomori condition and (Group 2) ASD without hikikomori condition. Sixteen subjects qualified as hikikomori and 23 subjects qualified as subjects without hikikomori. Age, sex, autism spectrum quotient (AQ), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), and FIQ were matched. Results: Compared to non-hikikomori controls, hikikomori cases were likely to have stronger sensory symptoms, lower uric acid (UA) ( Conclusion: The present study has suggested that ASD patients with hikikomori were more likely to have higher sensory abnormalities, comorbid atopic dermatitis, lower UA, stronger depressive, and anxiety tendency. Evaluating and approaching these aspects are important for appropriate interventions in ASD with hikikomori. Further investigations should be conducted to validate our pilot findings.
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