Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37030684›Full record

ArticleIEEE transactions on medical imaging2023

One Model to Synthesize Them All: Multi-Contrast Multi-Scale Transformer for Missing Data Imputation.

Jiang Liu, Srivathsa Pasumarthi, Ben Duffy, Enhao Gong, Keshav Datta, Greg Zaharchuk

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in IEEE transactions on medical imaging, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed.

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  17. Beyond the lungs: extending the field-of-view in chest CT with latent diffusion models.Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Jiang Liu
Srivathsa Pasumarthi
Ben Duffy
Enhao Gong
Keshav Datta
Greg Zaharchuk

Funding

Low- and Zero-dose Contrast-enhanced MRI Using Deep LearningR44EB027560 · NIBIB · SUBTLE MEDICAL, INC. · PI GONG, ENHAO · 2019 to 2021
$1.7M
NIBIB NIH HHS R44 EB027560
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Multi-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used in clinical practice as each contrast provides complementary information. However, the availability of each imaging contrast may vary amongst patients, which poses challenges to radiologists and automated image analysis algorithms. A general approach for tackling this problem is missing data imputation, which aims to synthesize the missing contrasts from existing ones. While several convolutional neural networks (CNN) based algorithms have been proposed, they suffer from the fundamental limitations of CNN models, such as the requirement for fixed numbers of input and output channels, the inability to capture long-range dependencies, and the lack of interpretability. In this work, we formulate missing data imputation as a sequence-to-sequence learning problem and propose a multi-contrast multi-scale Transformer (MMT), which can take any subset of input contrasts and synthesize those that are missing. MMT consists of a multi-scale Transformer encoder that builds hierarchical representations of inputs combined with a multi-scale Transformer decoder that generates the outputs in a coarse-to-fine fashion. The proposed multi-contrast Swin Transformer blocks can efficiently capture intra- and inter-contrast dependencies for accurate image synthesis. Moreover, MMT is inherently interpretable as it allows us to understand the importance of each input contrast in different regions by analyzing the in-built attention maps of Transformer blocks in the decoder. Extensive experiments on two large-scale multi-contrast MRI datasets demonstrate that MMT outperforms the state-of-the-art methods quantitatively and qualitatively.

Indexed as

AlgorithmsImage Processing, Computer-AssistedHumansNeural Networks, ComputerRadiologists

Identifiers

PMID37030684
PMCPMC10543020

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.