ArticleMayo Clinic proceedings2023
Baclofen and the Risk of Encephalopathy: A Real-World, Active-Comparator Cohort Study.
Article in Mayo Clinic proceedings, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Present and Future of Pain Management in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Risk of Osteoarthritis and Arthroplasty Between Baclofen and Tizanidine: A Target Trial Emulation Study.Clinical drug investigation · 2025Article
- Neurological adverse events associated with baclofen: A disproportionality analysis based on FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.SAGE open medicine · 2025Article
- Neurological adverse events associated with baclofen: a pharmacovigilance study based on FDA adverse event reporting system.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Inappropriate Drug Dosing among Older Adults with Dementia or Cognitive Impairment and Renal Impairment: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Baclofen and the risk of fall and fracture in older adults: A real-world cohort study.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2024Article
- Tizanidine: Advances in Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Drug Formulations.Journal of pain research · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo quantify the risk of encephalopathy associated with oral baclofen compared with other muscle relaxants-tizanidine or cyclobenzaprine. PATIENTS AND
methodsWe conducted a new-user, active-comparator study of 2 pairwise cohorts using tertiary health system data from Geisinger Health in Pennsylvania (January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2018). Adults (aged ≥18 years) newly treated with baclofen or tizanidine were included in cohort 1. Adults newly treated with baclofen or cyclobenzaprine were included in cohort 2. Propensity score-based inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance the respective cohorts on 45 patient characteristics. Fine-Gray competing risk regression was used to estimate the risk of encephalopathy.
resultsCohort 1 included 16,192 new baclofen users and 9782 new tizanidine users. The 30-day risk of encephalopathy was higher in patients treated with baclofen vs tizanidine (IPTW incidence rate, 64.7 vs 28.3 per 1000 person-years) with an IPTW subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) of 2.29 (95% CI, 1.43 to 3.67). This risk persisted through 1 year (SHR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.07 to 1.64]). Similarly in cohort 2, baclofen vs cyclobenzaprine was associated with a greater risk of encephalopathy at 30 days (SHR, 2.35 [95% CI, 1.59 to 3.48]) that persisted through the first year of treatment (SHR, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.56 to 2.40]).
conclusionThe risk of encephalopathy was greater with baclofen vs tizanidine or cyclobenzaprine use. The elevated risk was apparent as early as 30 days and persisted through the first year of treatment. Our findings from routine care settings may inform shared treatment decisions between patients and prescribers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.