ArticleBMC public health2023
Estimates of disease burden caused by foodborne pathogens in contaminated dairy products in Rwanda.
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of the methodological considerations in Campylobacter burden of disease studies.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Healthcare costs of foodborne diseases in the United States: an analysis using electronic health records.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Article
- Food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices among food handlers employed in higher education institutions in Northwestern China.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Antibiotic resistance in mastitis-causing bacteria: Exploring antibiotic-resistance genes, underlying mechanisms, and their implications for dairy animal and public health.Open veterinary journal · 2025Review
- Knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP), and risk factors toward zoonotic diseases among smallholder livestock farmers in Bugesera district of Rwanda.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica in milk along the supply chain, humans, and the environment in Woliata Sodo, Ethiopia.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Attribution of country level foodborne disease to food group and food types in three African countries: Conclusions from a structured expert judgment study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe Girinka program in Rwanda has contributed to an increase in milk production, as well as to reduced malnutrition and increased incomes. But dairy products can be hazardous to health, potentially transmitting diseases such as bovine brucellosis, tuberculosis, and cause diarrhea. We analyzed the burden of foodborne disease due to consumption of raw milk and other dairy products in Rwanda to support the development of policy options for the improvement of the quality and safety of milk.
methodsDisease burden data for five pathogens (Campylobacter spp., nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica, Cryptosporidium spp., Brucella spp., and Mycobacterium bovis) were extracted from the 2010 WHO Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG) database and merged with data of the proportion of foodborne disease attributable to consuming dairy products from FERG and a separately published Structured Expert Elicitation study to generate estimates of the uncertainty distributions of the disease burden by Monte Carlo simulation.
resultsAccording to WHO, the foodborne disease burden (all foods) of these five pathogens in Rwanda in 2010 was like or lower than in the Africa E subregion as defined by FERG. There were 57,500 illnesses occurring in Rwanda owing to consumption of dairy products, 55 deaths and 3,870 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) causing a cost-of-illness of $3.2 million. 44% of the burden (in DALYs) was attributed to drinking raw milk and sizeable proportions were also attributed to traditionally (16-23%) or industrially (6-22%) fermented milk. More recent data are not available, but the burden (in DALYs) of tuberculosis and diarrheal disease by all causes in Rwanda has declined between 2010 and 2019 by 33% and 46%, respectively.
conclusionThis is the first study examining the WHO estimates of the burden of foodborne disease on a national level in Rwanda. Transitioning from consuming raw to processed milk (fermented, heat treated or otherwise) may prevent a considerable disease burden and cost-of-illness, but the full benefits will only be achieved if there is a simultaneous improvement of pathogen inactivation during processing, and prevention of recontamination of processed products.
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