ReviewESMO open2023
Sex and gender perspectives in colorectal cancer.
Review in ESMO open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacokinetically guided and body surface area-based 5-fluorouracil dosing in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of Sex and Deprivation on Neuroendocrine Tumour Survival: Challenges of Heterogeneous Data.Neuroendocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Sex- and Age-Stratified Outcomes of Colonoscopy Versus Faecal Immunochemical Testing: Post-Analysis of the COLONPREV Study.United European gastroenterology journal · 2026Trial
- A Randomized Trial of Encorafenib and Cetuximab Versus Irinotecan/Cetuximab or FOLFIRI/Cetuximab in Chinese Patients With BRAFCancer medicine · 2026Trial
- Association of dietary patterns derived by reduced-rank regression with colorectal cancer risk and mortality.European journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Signaling Pathways, Clinical Features, Screening, Diagnosis, and Management.MedComm · 2026Review
- Anti-cancer effect of estradiol and β-carotene in human colon cancer cells.Nutrition research and practice · 2026Article
- Associations of Age With Tumor Genomic Characteristics in Relapsed/Refractory Cancers Interrogated With the NCI-MATCH Trial Targeted Gene Panel Assay.JCO precision oncology · 2026Article
- Sexually Dimorphic RNA Helicase DDX3Y, But Not DDX3X, Plays a Potential Tumor-Suppressive Role in Colorectal Carcinogenesis in Males.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex Differences in Cancer Stage at Diagnosis of Nonreproductive Solid Organ Tumors in the United States, 2015 to 2022.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Considering Tumour Sidedness is Critical for Accurate Interpretation of Liquid Biopsy Results in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2026Article
- A pan-cancer single-cell atlas uncovers the role of sex hormones and chromosomes in sex-divergent reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Sex-related differences in pathological characteristics of colorectal cancer: a retrospective study.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Exploring Risk Factors and Sex Differences in Colorectal Cancer: Insights from Current Evidence.Cells · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Colorectal Tumor-Associated T-cell Responses.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Primary Tumor-Associated Loss of the Y Chromosome and Clinical Outcome in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.Genes, chromosomes & cancer · 2026Article
- The Mechanistic Crosstalk between Probiotics, ncRNAs, and Autophagy: Implications for Colorectal Cancer Precision Medicine.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Historically women were frequently excluded from clinical trials and drug usage to protect unborn babies from potential harm. As a consequence, the impact of sex and gender on both tumour biology and clinical outcomes has been largely underestimated. Although interrelated and often used interchangeably, sex and gender are not equivalent concepts. Sex is a biological attribute that defines species according to their chromosomal makeup and reproductive organ, while gender refers to a chosen sexual identity. Sex dimorphisms are rarely taken into account, in either preclinical or clinical research, with inadequate analysis of differences in outcomes according to sex or gender still widespread, reflecting a gap in our knowledge for a large proportion of the target population. Underestimation of sex-based differences in study design and analyses has invariably led to 'one-drug' treatment regimens for both males and females. For patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), sex also has an impact on the disease incidence, clinicopathological features, therapeutic outcomes, and tolerability to anticancer treatments. Although the global incidence of CRC is higher in male subjects, the proportion of patients presenting right-sided tumours and BRAF mutations is higher among females. Concerning sex-related differences in treatment efficacy and toxicity, drug dosage does not take into account sex-specific differences in pharmacokinetics. Toxicity associated with fluoropyrimidines, targeted therapies, and immunotherapies has been reported to be more extensive for females with CRC than for males, although evidence about differences in efficacy is more controversial. This article aims to provide an overview of the research achieved so far into sex and gender differences in cancer and summarize the growing body of literature illustrating the sex and gender perspective in CRC and their impact in relation to tumour biology and treatment efficacy and toxicity. We propose endorsing research on how biological sex and gender influence CRC as an added value for precision oncology.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.