ArticlePloS one2023
High levels of pro-inflammatory SARS-CoV-2-specific biomarkers revealed by in vitro whole blood cytokine release assay (CRA) in recovered and long-COVID-19 patients.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Persistent inflammatory cytokine signature in long Covid-19 patients: a meta-analysis.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Human brain matters: Navigating the neuropathology of COVID-19.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Integrating state-space modeling, parameter estimation, deep learning, and docking techniques in drug repurposing: a case study on COVID-19 cytokine storm.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2026Article
- Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection does not increase heat stress during one hour of exercise in a hot and moderately humid environment.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Article
- Review
- A pain from the nose to the head: neurological commitment during long COVID.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Review
- Association Between Genetic Variants inDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Association of Vitamin D Supplementation with Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Activity, Interleukine-6 (IL-6) Levels, and Anxiety and Depression Scores in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Condition.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Longitudinal lipoprotein and inflammatory mediators analysis uncover persisting inflammation and hyperlipidemia following SARS-CoV-2 infection in long COVID-19.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2025Article
- Persistent immune dysregulation and metabolic alterations following SARS-CoV-2 infection.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Cerebromicrovascular mechanisms contributing to long COVID: implications for neurocognitive health.GeroScience · 2025Review
- Evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses in healthcare workers with varying levels of SARS-CoV-2 exposure: effects of CoronaVac vaccination followed by heterologous booster.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Mutations in ace2 gene modulate cytokine levels and alter immune responses inFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Low-Dose naltrexone restored TRPM3 ion channel function in natural killer cells from long COVID patients.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Article
- Neurological Sequelae of Post-COVID-19 Fatigue: A Narrative Review of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV-Mediated Cerebrovascular Complications.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Exploring IL-6 Signaling and Cytokine-Microbiome Interactions as Emerging Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Addressing Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome in Cancer Patients, from Visceral Obesity and Myosteatosis to Systemic Inflammation: Implications in Cardio-Onco-Metabolism.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Exploring the Pathophysiology of Long COVID: The Central Role of Low-Grade Inflammation and Multisystem Involvement.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- COVID-19 in patients with anemia and haematological malignancies: risk factors, clinical guidelines, and emerging therapeutic approaches.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
- A blood-based mRNA signature distinguishes people with Long COVID from recovered individuals.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCytokines induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and hyperinflammatory responses have been associated with poor clinical outcomes, with progression to severe conditions or long-term subacute complications named as long-COVID-19.
methodsIn this cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate a set of antigen-specific inflammatory cytokines in blood from recovered COVID-19 individuals or who suffered a post-acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to healthy individuals with no history of COVID-19 exposition or infection. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IFN-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-17A were quantified by multiplex cytometric bead assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after stimulation of whole blood with recombinant Spike protein from SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, all participants have evaluated for anti-(S) protein-specific IgG antibodies. Clinical specimens were collected within two months of COVID-19 diagnosis.
resultsA total of 47 individuals were enrolled in the study, a median age of 43 years (IQR = 14.5), grouped into healthy individuals with no history of infection or exposure to SARS-CoV-2 (unexposed group; N = 21); and patients from the Health Complex of the Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Brazil, who were SARS-CoV-2 positive by RT-PCR (COVID-19 group)-categorized as recovered COVID-19 (N = 11) or long-COVID-19 (N = 15). All COVID-19 patients presented at least one signal or symptom during the first two weeks of infection. Six patients were hospitalized and required invasive mechanical ventilation. Our results showed that COVID-19 patients had significantly higher levels of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and IP-10 than the unexposed group. The long-COVID-19 group has presented significantly high levels of IL-1β and IL-6 compared to unexposed individuals, but not from recovered COVID-19. A principal-component analysis demonstrated 84.3% of the total variance of inflammatory-SARS-CoV-2 response in the first two components, and it was possible to stratify IL-6, TNF, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-2 as the top-five cytokines which are candidates to discriminate COVID-19 group (including long-COVID-19 subgroup) and healthy unexposed individuals.
conclusionWe revealed important S protein-specific differential biomarkers in individuals affected by COVID-19, bringing new insights into the inflammatory status or SARS-CoV-2 exposition determination.
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