ReviewJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR2023
Newly developed 3D in vitro models to study tumor-immune interaction.
Review in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed.
- Biomimetic Scaffold-Based 3D Models for Decoding Cancer Biology and Advancing Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Establishment of extrahepatic bile duct cancer organoids using suspension culture and their application in clinical drug screening.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- Stiff matrix impairs cytotoxic T lymphocyte function at multiple levels.Science advances · 2026Article
- Can Complex 3D Models Effectively Replace 2D and Animal Models to Investigate the Microbe-Tumor-Immune Axis in Pancreatic Cancer Studies?Nutrients · 2026Review
- Using biomaterial-based 3D in vitro cancer models to solve current clinical problems.British journal of cancer · 2026Review
- Bioprinted Tumor Microenvironment Models Reveal Immune Evasion and Guide CAR-NK Therapeutic Strategies.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Prediction of Patients' Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Lymphocytes.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Fibrin Gel as a Versatile Biomaterial Platform in the Biomedical Landscape: Chemical, Physical, and Biological Insights.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Tumor Organoid and Microenvironment Cocultures: Implications for Basic and Translational Cancer Research.MedComm · 2026Review
- Review
- Engineering macrophages for cancer immunotherapy: emerging insights and therapeutic potential.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Review
- Methods and applications of patient-derived organoid models for immune microenvironment and immunotherapy research in multiple cancer types.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Advances in Next-Generation Immunotherapies for Ovarian Cancer: Mechanisms of Immune Evasion and Novel Therapeutic Targets.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Patient-derived tumor organoids for new drug development: promises and challenges.Investigational new drugs · 2026Review
- Modeling CAF-tumor interactions to overcome therapy resistance.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Review
- Harnessing human immune system models to validate NADPH oxidase 1 inhibition as treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Neural Organoids Protect Engineered Heart Tissues From Glucolipotoxicity by Transferring Versican in a Co-Culture System.Cell proliferation · 2026Article
- 3D Spheroid Model: A Methodological Approach for Advancing Cancer and Immunology Research.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Harnessing Next-Generation 3D Cancer Models to Elucidate Tumor-Microbiome Crosstalk.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Engineering Osteosarcoma In Vitro: From Traditional Models to Biofabricated Platforms for Precision Medicine.ACS omega · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immunotherapy as a rapidly developing therapeutic approach has revolutionized cancer treatment and revitalized the field of tumor immunology research. 3D in vitro models are emerging as powerful tools considering their feature to maintain tumor cells in a near-native state and have been widely applied in oncology research. The novel 3D culture methods including the co-culture of organoids and immune cells, ALI culture, 3D-microfluidic culture and 3D-bioprinting offer new approaches for tumor immunology study and can be applied in many fields such as personalized treatment, immunotherapy optimizing and adoptive cell therapy. In this review, we introduce commonly used 3D in vitro models and summarize their applications in different aspects of tumor immunology research. We also provide a preliminary analysis of the current shortcomings of these models and the outlook of future development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.