ArticleBMC public health2023
Time outdoors positively associates with academic performance: a school-based study with objective monitoring of outdoor time.
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02980445 (Time Outdoors as an Intervention for Myopia in Children--School-based Randomized Controlled Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Time Outdoors as an Intervention for Myopia in Children--School-based Randomized Controlled Study
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Factors associated with insufficient outdoor play and physical activity participation among Chinese children aged 6-10 years: evidence from a two-wave survey.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A deep learning system for myopia onset prediction and intervention effectiveness evaluation in children.NPJ digital medicine · 2024Article
- Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia: School-based implementation works.Taiwan journal of ophthalmologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo explore the relationship between outdoor time and academic performance among school-aged children.
methodsThis study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Data were derived from a school-based prospective children myopia intervention study (STORM). Outdoor time was recorded by self-developed algorithm-validated wristwatches in real-time and calculated as the cumulative average of 10 months. The academic performance was recorded and provided by the participating schools and further standardized. Other information was collected using an online standardized questionnaire. Mixed-effects model and B-Spline method were used to investigate the association between time spent on different types of daily activity, including outdoor activity and academic performance.
resultsA total of 3291 children with mean age 9.25 years were included in the final analysis. Overall, outdoor time was associated with academic performance in a non-linear manner; specifically, not exceeding 2.3 h per day, outdoor time was positively associated with academic performance; exceeding 2.3 h per day, this association became non-significant. Likewise, daily sleep duration and out-of-school learning time were associated with academic performance in a non-linear manner, resulting in turning points of 11.3 and 1.4 h per day, respectively. Separate analysis showed that outdoor time and sleep duration but not out-of-school learning time were positively associated with academic performance in Chinese, mathematics and English.
conclusionOutdoor time, sleep duration and out-of-school learning time were associated with academic performance in a non-linear manner. Promotion of outdoor time may not negatively impact on academic performance.
trial registrationOur study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02980445).
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