3D Visualisation of the Spine.

The 3D visualisation of the spine is thought of from multiple viewpoints. Firstly, radiological imaging is considered, with plain radiography, CT and MRI imaging discussed in detail with relevant applications to spinal surgery.3D printing can be used in spinal surgery with multiple applications including education, pre-operative planning for complex cases and making patient-specific guides and implants. The rapidly growing field of intraoperative navigation and robotics have been discussed, in addition to their benefits and limitations within spinal surgery, as well as some technical tips.An understanding of relevant anatomy and biomechanics is necessary for any surgeon, and so this chapter describes the key concepts to be familiar with, particularly the spinal motion segment and the different methods for classifying spinal injuries and how that relates to stability. The concepts discussed have been brought together by applying this knowledge to some interesting clinical cases. They highlight the importance of 3D visualisation of the spine, which must be considered throughout the decision-making process when managing patients. Spinal surgeons use multiple imaging modalities, knowledge of anatomy and biomechanics, as well as considering the need for navigation in more complex cases, all on a daily basis. With the advancement of technology available for 3D visualisation of the spine, we will be able to improve patient outcomes even further in the future.