ArticleWorld development2023
The Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment (ARISE) Scales: Development and validation of measures of women's empowerment in urban sanitation for low- and middle-income countries.
Article in World development, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mixed-methods study to test and assess uptake for gender-specific WASH indicators in Bangladesh: study protocol.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Heavy menstrual bleeding and association with menstruation-specific resources: A multinational cross-sectional study in low- and middle-income countries.Health & place · 2025Article
- The association between women's decision-making roles in sanitation and mental well-being in urban Bangladesh.Health & place · 2025Article
- The effects of environmental health services on patient well-being and quality of care: A qualitative study in Malawi's public healthcare facilities.SSM - health systems · 2025Article
- Knowledge, attitudes, and support of women's menstrual experiences: A cross-sectional survey of men in Kampala, Uganda.Health & place · 2025Article
- Gender equality and quality of life must be central to the design and delivery of sanitation.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Sanitation-related withholding and suppression among women in urban Uganda and India.Nature water · 2025Article
- Evolving dimensions of women's empowerment in India.PloS one · 2025Article
- Gender and water, sanitation, and hygiene: Three opportunities to build from recent reporting on global progress, 2000-2022.PLoS medicine · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sustainable Development Goal 6 aims to ensure access to water and sanitation for all, and target 6.2 emphasizes "paying special attention to the needs of women and girls". Research documenting how water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions impact women's and girls' lives is growing. However, no rigorously validated survey instruments exist for measuring empowerment within the WASH sector. The objective of our study was to develop and validate survey instruments to measure sub-domains of women's empowerment in relation to sanitation in urban areas of low- and middle-income countries. We followed a multi-phased, theory-informed approach that included factor analysis and item response theory methods, as well as reliability and validity testing, to analyze cross-sectional data collected from women in two cities: Tiruchirappalli, India (N = 996) and Kampala, Uganda (N = 1,024). Through rigorous evaluation of conceptually grounded question (item) sets, we identify a set of valid, comprehensive scales. The Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment (ARISE) scales represent 16 sub-domains of sanitation-related empowerment, each of which can be used alone or in combination with others, as needed. The ARISE scales are the only set of psychometrically validated metrics for the measurement of women's empowerment in WASH. In addition to the scales, we provide six indices to assess women's direct experiences with sub-domains of sanitation-related empowerment, as well as validated item sets related to menstruation, which are available as optional add-on measures for those who menstruate. The ARISE scales and associated survey modules respond to an established need for an increased focus on empowerment in WASH. We provide researchers and implementers with tools to measure sub-constructs of empowerment in a valid and reliable way, to generate data for better targeting, design, implementation, and evaluation of strategies to improve women's empowerment in the context of urban sanitation at the program and policy level.
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