Age differences in the use of positive and negative cues to filter distracting information from working memory.

Previous research has demonstrated that as people age, visual working memory (VWM) declines. One potential explanation for this decline is that older adults are less able to ignore irrelevant information, which contributes to VWM filtering deficits. Most research examining age differences in filtering ability has used positive cues (indicating which items to pay attention to), but negative cues (indicating which items to ignore) may be even harder for older adults to implement as some work suggests that negatively cued items are first paid attention to before they are suppressed. The current study aimed to test whether older adults can use negative cues to filter irrelevant information from VWM. Across two experiments, young and older adults were presented with two (Experiment 1) or four (Experiment 2) display items, preceded by a neutral, negative, or positive cue. After a delay, participants reported the target's orientation in a continuous-response task. Results show that both groups benefitted from being provided with a cue (positive or negative) compared to no cue (i.e., neutral condition), but the benefit was smaller for negative cues. Thus, although negative cues aid in filtering of VWM, they are less effective than positive cues, possibly due to residual attention being directed towards distractor items.