ReviewNeuroscience and biobehavioral reviews2023
Revisiting the focality of non-invasive brain stimulation - Implications for studies of human cognition.
Review in Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Mechanisms of transcranial magnetic brain stimulation.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Excessive Censoring Degrades Individual-Specific Cortical Parcellations and Personalized TMS Targets.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Target-Specificity and repeatability in neuro-cardiac-guided TMS for heart-brain coupling.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Consensus guidelines for the use of concurrent TMS-fMRI in cognitive and clinical neuroscience.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- A Novel Approach to Map the Causal Impact of Brain Stimulation on Semantic Processing With Language Models.Neurobiology of language (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Optimizing and assessing multichannel TMS focality.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Causal contributions of left inferior and medial frontal cortex to semantic and executive control.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Exploring the Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on Improving Walking Ability in Stroke Patients via Modulating Cerebellar Gamma Frequency Band-a Narrative Review.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2024Review
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation over supramarginal gyrus stimulates primary motor cortex directly and impairs manual dexterity: implications for TMS focality.Journal of neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Electric-field-based dosing for TMS.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Causal evidence for a coordinated temporal interplay within the language network.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- No effects of 1 Hz offline TMS on performance in the stop-signal game.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Brain State-Dependent Non-Invasive Neurostimulation with EEG Feedback: Achievements and Prospects (Review).Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine · 2023Review
- Effects of electric field direction on TMS-based motor cortex mapping.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques are popular tools to investigate brain function in health and disease. Although transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in cognitive neuroscience research to probe causal structure-function relationships, studies often yield inconclusive results. To improve the effectiveness of TMS studies, we argue that the cognitive neuroscience community needs to revise the stimulation focality principle - the spatial resolution with which TMS can differentially stimulate cortical regions. In the motor domain, TMS can differentiate between cortical muscle representations of adjacent fingers. However, this high degree of spatial specificity cannot be obtained in all cortical regions due to the influences of cortical folding patterns on the TMS-induced electric field. The region-dependent focality of TMS should be assessed a priori to estimate the experimental feasibility. Post-hoc simulations allow modeling of the relationship between cortical stimulation exposure and behavioral modulation by integrating data across stimulation sites or subjects.
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