ArticleHealth affairs (Project Hope)2023
Estimated Uncovered Costs For HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis In The US, 2018.
Article in Health affairs (Project Hope), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic review of infodemiology studies using artificial intelligence: social media posts on HIV preexposure prophylaxis.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- What Tools Do We Have to End the US HIV Epidemic? A Review of Structural, Biomedical and Implementation Interventions and Their Potential Population Impact.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Review
- Identifying Hidden Barriers to PrEP Adherence Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: Application of Natural Language Processing.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Expanding Pharmacists' Prescribing Authority and Medication Uptake: Evidence From Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- Assessing Knowledge, Practices, and Barriers to PrEP and nPEP Prescription Among Texas Healthcare Providers.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Clustering affordable care act qualified health plans to understand how and where insurance facilitates or impedes access to HIV prevention.AIDS research and therapy · 2024Article
- Preferences for Starting Daily, On-Demand, and Long-Acting Injectable HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States (2021-2022): Nationwide Online Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- Perceived Versus Actual Costs of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2024Article
- Weighing the Options: Which PrEP (Pre-exposure Prophylaxis) Modality Attributes Influence Choice for Young Gay and Bisexual Men in the United States?AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Ending the HIV Epidemic in Metropolitan Atlanta: a mixed-methods study to support the local HIV/AIDS response.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Article
- Estimating the potential value of MSM-focused evidence-based implementation interventions in three Ending the HIV Epidemic jurisdictions in the United States: a model-based analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Article
- HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis programme preferences among sexually active HIV-negative transgender and gender diverse adults in the United States: a conjoint analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The cost of HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medication and care is a key barrier to PrEP use. Using population-based surveys and published information, we estimated the number of people with uncovered costs for PrEP care among US adults with PrEP indications, stratified by HIV transmission risk group, insurance status, and income. Accounting for existing PrEP payer mechanisms, we estimated annual uncovered costs for PrEP medication, clinical visits, and laboratory testing based on the 2021 PrEP clinical practice guideline. Of 1.2 million US adults with PrEP indications in 2018, we estimated that 49,860 (4 percent) of them had PrEP-related uncovered costs, including 32,350 men who have sex with men, 7,600 heterosexual women, 5,070 heterosexual men, and 4,840 people who inject drugs. Of those 49,860 people with uncovered costs, 3,160 (6 percent) incurred $18.9 million in uncovered costs for PrEP medication, clinical visits, and lab testing, and 46,700 (94 percent) incurred $83.5 million in uncovered costs for only clinical visits and lab testing. The total annual uncovered costs for adults with PrEP indications were $102.4 million in 2018. The proportion of people with uncovered costs for PrEP is less than 5 percent among adults with PrEP indications, but the magnitude of costs is significant.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.