ReviewJournal of gastrointestinal cancer2023
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in pMMR/MSS Colorectal Cancer.
Review in Journal of gastrointestinal cancer, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Current cancer drug targets · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant therapy combined with immunotherapy in MMR‑proficient/microsatellite stable non‑metastatic rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta‑analysis.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2025Pooled it
- First-line Nivolumab plus FOLFOXIRI/Bevacizumab in advanced RAS/BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer: efficacy, safety and biomarker discovery from the phase II NIVACOR trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Overall survival of immunotherapy versus standard of care in chemorefractory microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer: a propensity score matched analysis of 708 patients.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Reprogramming macrophage immunometabolism via glutamine antagonism potentiates colorectal cancer therapy in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Revisiting the Immunological Landscape of Locoregional Therapies for Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Shift Toward Interventional Immuno-Oncology.Current oncology reports · 2026Review
- Dual immunosuppression mechanism induced by PTP1B in colorectal cancer: upregulation of PD-L1 by FOXO1/miR-34C/c-MYC axis and inhibition of the infiltration of CD8(+) T cell by downregulating of CXCL11.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibition and heart injury: molecular mechanisms and clinical challenges.ESC heart failure · 2026Review
- Association of TIGIT and CD155 with KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and AKT Gene Mutations, MSI Status, and Cytokine Profiles in Colorectal Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and Emerging Strategies to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance in Cold Tumours of Colorectal Cancer.OncoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Targeting the AHR-IDO1-kynurenine pathway in TREM2Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Can tissue immune states shape the risk of hyperprogressive disease?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Decitabine promotes degradation of DNMT1 and EZH2 via the ubiquitination pathway and inhibits colorectal cancer progression.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis and pericarditis: a pharmacovigilance study based on the FAERS database.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines in Colorectal Cancer: Platforms, Mechanisms, and Combinations.Cancers · 2025Article
- Digestive cancers: mechanisms, therapeutics and management.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Beyond proofreading: POLD1 mutations as dynamic orchestrators of genomic instability and immune evasion in cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Research progress on mechanisms of tumor immune microenvironment and gastrointestinal resistance to immunotherapy: mini review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Identification and Validation of a m6A-Related Long Noncoding RNA Prognostic Model in Colorectal Cancer.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors have recently replaced over chemotherapy as the first-line treatment for microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR/MSI-H) stage 4 colorectal cancers. Considering this success, many studies have tried to replicate the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, either as a single agent or in combination with other therapeutic agents, in the treatment of proficient mismatch repair (pMMR/MSS) stage 4 colorectal cancers. This review summarizes the seminal clinical data about the immune checkpoint inhibitors used in pMMR/MSS colorectal cancers and some future directions.
resultsStudies concerning the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors as a single agent or in combination with other immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy have proven inefficient in the treatment of pMMR/MSS colorectal cancer. However, a small subset of patients with pMMR/MSS colorectal cancer who has a mutation in POLE and POLD1 enzymes may respond to immunotherapy. Moreover, patients without liver metastasis appear to have a better chance of response. New immune checkpoint targets are being identified, such as VISTA, TIGIT, LAG3, STING signal pathway, and BTLA, and studies are ongoing to determine their efficiency in this disease type.
conclusionImmune checkpoint inhibitor-based regimens have not yet shown any meaningful positive outcomes for most pMMR/MSS colorectal cancers. A beneficial effect among a minority of these patients has been observed, but concrete biomarkers of response are lacking. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of immune resistance should guide further research for overcoming these obstacles.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.