ArticleJournal of illicit economies and development2022
Potency-Enhancing Synthetics in the Drug Overdose Epidemic: Xylazine ("Tranq"), Fentanyl, Methamphetamine, and the Displacement of Heroin in Philadelphia and Tijuana.
Article in Journal of illicit economies and development, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- "That would be such a game changer": a qualitative study of the acceptability and feasibility of a digital harm reduction support tool among people who use drugs.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- UDrug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Amputation Rates Among Opioid-Related Hospitalizations in the United States, 2016 to 2022.Annals of internal medicine · 2026Article
- Adverse maternal and neonatal effects associated with perinatal xylazine exposure: a systematic review.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Review
- Differences in Xylazine and Xylazine Test Strip Usage Among Racial and Ethnic Minoritized Populations: Findings from the Stay Safe Study.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Observational
- First Detection of Xylazine in Texas Wastewater and Its Association with Fentanyl Use.ACS ES&T water · 2026Article
- Acute fentanyl and xylazine co-exposure uniquely increase the excitability of dopamine type 2 receptor-expressing striatal medium spiny neurons.Journal of neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Early evidence of the effects of xylazine-adulterated fentanyl in Ohio.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Willingness to use fentanyl test strips among street drug users in Puerto Rico: a cross-sectional study.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- "That would be such a game changer": A qualitative study of the acceptability and feasibility of a digital harm reduction support tool among people who use drugs.Research square · 2025Article
- Amputation trends among people who use drugs in the context of Philadelphia's increasingly xylazine adulterated drug supply.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Fentanyl Polysubstance Use Patterns and Their Associations With Hepatitis C Virus, Skin and Soft Tissue Infections, and Non-Fatal Overdose Among People Who Inject Drugs in New York City.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Sur la route des surdoses: un portrait canadien.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2025Article
- The resurgence of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists as adulterants in the Era of Cannabis legalization: Lessons from prior epidemics and clinical implications.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- The Rise of Fentanyl: Molecular Aspects and Forensic Investigations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Safe Injection Self-Efficacy is Associated with HCV and HIV Seropositivity Among People Who Inject Drugs in the San Diego-Tijuana Border Region.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Illicit Fentanyl Use and Hepatitis C Virus Seroconversion Among People Who Inject Drugs in Tijuana and San Diego: Results From a Binational Cohort Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Decrease in injection and rise in smoking and snorting of heroin and synthetic opioids, 2000-2021.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Xylazine is an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and exhibits sex-specific responses to opioid antagonism.Addiction neuroscience · 2024Article
- Safe Injection Self-Efficacy is associated with HCV and HIV seropositivity among people who inject drugs in the San Diego-Tijuana border region.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple transformations-referred to as "waves" in a panoply of recent public health and law enforcement publications-have rendered North American drug markets increasingly toxic since the early 2010s. The introduction of exceptionally potent synthetic sedatives and stimulants is initiating a new generation of drug injectors into co-use of opioids and methamphetamine, catapulting rates of deadly overdoses and infectious diseases. Drawing on extensive participant-observation research in Philadelphia (2007-present) and Tijuana (2018-present), we document the experience of street-based drug users across these two North American cities to focus on regional shifts in narcotics supplies and endpoint user preferences. We link the dramatic proliferation of fentanyl, methamphetamine, xylazine, and Mexican white powder heroin to: 1) pre-existing drug supply networks on the western and eastern coasts of the North American subcontinent; 2) material characteristics of local heroin supplies in pre-fentanyl opiate markets (Mexican black tar vs. Colombian off-white powder heroin); and 3) racialized repression/incarceration of drug sellers and users on both sides of the Mexico-US border. The article combines economic and medical anthropology to develop an ethnographically-informed political economy approach to an urgent public health challenge among street-based drug users with the highest overdose mortality rates in the US Northeastern Rust Belt and the Northwestern Mexican borderland metroplex anchored by Tijuana. It foregrounds street users' experiences in real time amidst rapidly shifting narcotics supply chains, linking market-driven logics of profit-seeking to the war on drugs' prohibitionist policy context, highlighting increasing toxic impacts on vulnerable sectors across regions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.