ArticleSocial indicators research2022
What does non-standard employment look like in the United States? An empirical typology of employment quality.
Article in Social indicators research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Life in the Driver's Seat: A Qualitative Analysis of Rideshare Drivers' Perspectives of Their Work and Well-Being Using Reddit Posts.American journal of industrial medicine · 2026Article
- Transitions Between Forms of Employment Quality and Associations With Self-Rated Health and Mental Health in the United States, 2008-2022.American journal of industrial medicine · 2026Article
- Assessing the performance of a novel Finnish register-based measure of precarious employment: affected employee groups and subjective and objective employment outcomes.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Employment quality and mortality in Canada.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- Employment quality and suicide, drug poisoning, and alcohol-attributable mortality.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Associations of minority stress and employment discrimination with job quality among sexual- and gender-minority workers.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2025Article
- Examining Work Temporality Across the U.S. Latino Population by Nativity and Citizenship.Social indicators research · 2025Article
- Employment quality and mental health in China under the policy of expanding jobs and benefiting people's livelihood: gender differences between low-quality employment and work-family values.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Peeking under the Hood of Job Stress: How Men and Women's Stress Levels Vary by Typologies of Job Quality and Family Composition.Journal of health and social behavior · 2024Article
- Ramifications of Precarious Employment for Health and Health Inequity: Emerging Trends from the Americas.Annual review of public health · 2024Review
- Job quality and precarious employment among lesbian, gay, and bisexual workers: A national study.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- The Employment Quality of Persons with Disabilities: Findings from a National Survey.Journal of occupational rehabilitation · 2023Article
- Employment Precarity and Increased Risk of Hazardous Occupational Exposures Among Residents of High Socioeconomic Hardship Neighborhoods.Annals of work exposures and health · 2022Article
- Do Different Patterns of Employment Quality Contribute to Gender Health Inequities in the U.S.? A Cross-Sectional Mediation Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Investigating Employment Quality for Population Health and Health Equity: A Perspective of Power.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Despite significant interest in the changing nature of employment as a critical social and economic challenge facing society-especially the decline in the so-called Standard Employment Relationship (SER) and rise in more insecure, precarious forms of employment-scholars have struggled to operationalize the multifaceted and heterogeneous nature of contemporary worker-employer relationships within empirical analyses. Here we investigate the character and distribution of employment relationships in the U.S., drawing on a representative sample of wage-earners and self-employed from the General Social Survey (2002 - 2018). We use the multidimensional construct of employment quality (EQ), which includes both contractual (e.g., wages, contract type) and relational (e.g., employee representation and participation) aspects of employment. We further employ a typological measurement approach, using latent class analysis, to explicitly examine how the multiple aspects of employment cluster together in modern labor markets. We present eight distinct employment types in the U.S., including one resembling the historical conception of the SER model (24% of the total workforce), and others representing various constellations of favorable and adverse employment features. These employment types are unevenly distributed across society, in terms of who works these jobs and where they are found in the labor market. Importantly, women, those with lower education, and younger workers are more likely to be in precarious forms of employment. More generally, our typology reveals limitations associated with binary conceptions of standard vs. non-standard employment, or insider-outsider dichotomies envisioned within dual labor market theories.
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