ArticleClinical drug investigation2023
Spending, Utilization, and Price Trends for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in US Medicaid Programs: An Empirical Analysis from 2011 to 2021.
Article in Clinical drug investigation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Reporting Quality in Health Economic Evaluation Studies of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review.Clinical drug investigation · 2025Pooled it
- Tumour-agnostic immunotherapy: aligning biological rationale, biomarker precision, and real-world implementation.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Myositis and Associated Triad Overlap Syndrome.Arthritis care & research · 2026Article
- Variation in guideline decision-making: a cross-sectional study of oncology compendium panels.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Dose optimization of immune checkpoint inhibitors for gastrointestinal malignancies.ESMO gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Review
- Neurological immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: clinical and hematological risk factors.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- A call to action: improving access to cardiac MRI for diagnosis of immune checkpoint inhibitor related myocarditis in low and middle income countries.Cardio-oncology (London, England) · 2025Review
- A New Era, New Risks: The Cardio-Oncology Perspective on Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Cancers · 2025Review
- Metformin as an anti-cancer agent against bladder cancer acts via PD-L1 downregulation in an orthotopic mouse model.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Survival Disparities by Health Insurance Coverage Among Patients With Metastatic Cancer.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Financial burden of high-cost immunotherapy among cancer survivors in Medicare.Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice · 2025Article
- Lessons learned from a decade of immune checkpoint inhibition: The good, the bad, and the ugly.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- Hepatotoxicity in Cancer Immunotherapy: Diagnosis, Management, and Future Perspectives.Cancers · 2024Review
- The burden and clinical trajectory of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced endocrinopathies: an 8-year experience.BMC medicine · 2024Observational
- Subcutaneous checkpoint inhibition is equivalent to systemic delivery when combined with nelitolimod delivered via pressure-enabled drug delivery for depletion of intrahepatic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and control of liver metastases.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
- Immunomodulatory Precision: A Narrative Review Exploring the Critical Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Cost-Effectiveness of Neoadjuvant Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy Followed by Adjuvant Pembrolizumab in Patients with High-Risk, Early-Stage, Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Switzerland.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2024Article
- Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab and chemotherapy as first-line therapy for cervical cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis in the US.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Cost-effectiveness of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy with adjuvant pembrolizumab for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer in the United States.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Cemiplimab combined with chemotherapyTherapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become a cornerstone in cancer treatment. With high treatment costs and an increasing number of young and low-income patients with cancer, there is a need to determine the current spending and utilization of ICIs in a real-world population. The objective of this study was to outline the drug spending, utilization, and price trends of ICIs for US Medicaid programs from 2011 to 2021.
methodsA retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted using the Medicaid State Drug Utilization pharmacy summary files managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Six ICIs for this study include ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab, avelumab, and cemiplimab. Yearly reimbursement and prescription numbers were calculated for six ICIs billed through Medicaid between 2011 and 2021. The average spending per prescription was calculated as a proxy for drug prices.
resultsOverall spending and utilization on ICIs have risen exponentially over the past decade. Between 2011 and 2021, expenditures increased from $2.8 million to $4.1 billion. Utilization increased from 94 prescriptions to 462,049 prescriptions in 2021 with six ICIs. The average spending per prescription, or average drug price, decreased 70%, from $29,795.88 in 2011 to $8914.69 in 2021.
conclusionsSpending on and utilization of ICIs have increased dramatically over the past decade. These findings shed new light on the impact of ICIs on state Medicaid programs and may provide insight into potential cost drivers that need to be addressed through policy.
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