SynthesisEBioMedicine2023
A systematic review of interleukin-2-based immunotherapies in clinical trials for cancer and autoimmune diseases.
Synthesis in EBioMedicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 174 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tebentafusp, a T cell engager, promotes macrophage reprogramming and in combination with IL-2 overcomes macrophage immunosuppression in cancer.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- The regulatory T cell-selective interleukin-2 receptor agonist rezpegaldesleukin in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases: two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1b trials.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Article
- Article
- Prognostic significance of pre-intervention circulating cytokines in digestive system cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Towards mRNA therapeutics 2.0.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Two Classes of Protein Therapeutics: Why Dose-Response Architecture Defines the Boundary of mRNA Medicines.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Simultaneous TCR and IL-2 agonism selectively enhances epitope-specific CD8 T-cell responses during chronic viral infection.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Salivary Cytokine Profiles in Active Smokers: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study of IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Merkel cell carcinoma with in-transit metastases: Complete response after intralesional interleukin-2 therapy.JAAD case reports · 2026Article
- Evaluating pegenzileukin (SAR444245/THOR-707) in combination with pembrolizumab or cetuximab in advanced metastatic gastrointestinal cancer: the PEGATHOR phase 2 study.Investigational new drugs · 2026Article
- Exploring CAR cell therapies beyond CAR-T for myeloid malignancies.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- Inflame and restrain - the paradoxical roles of IL-12 and IL-23 in immunity.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Targeting cytokine/chemokine signaling to convert immunologically cold tumors into hot: Emerging strategies in cancer immunotherapy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Costimulation loss enhances IL-2-driven Treg generation by PI3K-STAT3 inhibition in CNS autoimmunity.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Rewiring STAT signaling from the cell surface with Trikine immunotherapeutics.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- PTPN1/PTPN2 inhibition improves NK cancer therapy by enhancing IL-2 and mitigating TGFβ1 responses.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Interleukin-2 and Tretinoin for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms and to Target Type 1 Calreticulin-Driven Neoplasms: Advancements in Immune Regenerative Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Characteristics of NK cells activation following IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 cytokines stimulation for preclinical purposes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) can stimulate both effector immune cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. The ability of selectively engaging either of these effects has spurred interest in using IL-2 for immunotherapy of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Thus, numerous IL-2-based biologic agents with improved bias or delivery towards effector immune cells or Treg cells have been developed. This study systematically reviews clinical results of improved IL-2-based compounds.
methodsWe searched the ClinicalTrials.gov database for registered trials using improved IL-2-based agents and different databases for available results of these studies.
findingsFrom 576 registered clinical trials we extracted 36 studies on different improved IL-2-based compounds. Adding another nine agents reported in recent literature reviews and based on our knowledge totalled in 45 compounds. A secondary search for registered clinical trials of each of these 45 compounds resulted in 141 clinical trials included in this review, with 41 trials reporting results.
interpretationSo far, none of the improved IL-2-based compounds has gained regulatory approval for the treatment of cancer or autoimmune diseases. NKTR-214 is the only compound completing phase 3 studies. The PIVOT IO-001 trial testing the combination of NKTR-214 plus Pembrolizumab compared to Pembrolizumab monotherapy in metastatic melanoma missed its primary endpoints. Also the PIVOT-09 study, combining NKTR-214 with Nivolumab compared to Sunitinib or Cabozantinib in advanced renal cell carcinoma, missed its primary endpoint. Trials in autoimmune diseases are currently in early stages, thus not allowing definite conclusions on efficacy.
fundingThis work was supported by public funding agencies.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.