ArticleJournal of Crohn's & colitis2023
Development and Validation of the Glasgow Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Index of Compliance.
Article in Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparing urine and stool gluten immunogenic peptides for detecting compliance to gluten-free diets.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Frequent Dietetic Involvement Enhances Adherence and Clinical Outcomes of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition in Adults With Crohn's Disease.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2025Article
- Exploring diet-microbiota interactions and therapeutic nutrition management in inflammatory bowel disease.Biophysics reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsTreatment adherence is key to the efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition [100% EN] in active Crohn's disease [CD], but there are no biomarkers to objectively estimate this. We explored faecal parameters as biomarkers of compliance with 100% EN, and subsequently developed and validated the Glasgow Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Index of Compliance [GENIE].
methodsHealthy adults replaced all [100% EN] or part [85% EN, 50% EN, 20% EN] of their diet with a formula for 7 days. Faecal pH, water content, short chain fatty acids, and branched chain fatty acids [BCFAs] were measured before [D0] and after [D7] each intervention. Optimal biomarkers and threshold values were derived using receiver operating characteristic curve analyses and machine learning to develop the GENIE. The GENIE was then validated in 30 CD children, during and after 100% EN.
resultsIn all, 61 adults were recruited. D7 faecal pH and the ratios of BCFAs to either acetate or butyrate performed the best to differentiate between patients on 100% EN from <100% EN. Two models were generated; one included faecal metabolites (Laboratory GENIE, L-GENIE; sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value [PPV] of 88%, 94%, and 92%) and a second one [Clinical Genie, C-GENIE] which considers only faecal pH [sensitivity, specificity, and PPV of 84%, 86%, and 81%]. Validation of GENIE in CD children found that C-GENIE outperformed L-GENIE, producing a sensitivity, specificity, and PPV of 85%, 88%, and 88%, respectively.
conclusionsGENIE can help predict adherence to 100% EN and may complement current conventional dietary assessment.
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