ReviewDevelopmental and comparative immunology2023
The adaptive microbiome hypothesis and immune interactions in amphibian mucus.
Review in Developmental and comparative immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the ecological drivers of bacteriophage diversity and functional viral potential in the skin of the axolotl Ambystoma altamirani.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2026Article
- Differential skin-bacteriome-mediated defense against chytridiomycosis in two neotropical frog species.Animal microbiome · 2026Article
- Changes to Skin Microbiome Community Dynamics Support Resistance to Enzootic and Epizootic Strains of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in the Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum).Molecular ecology · 2026Article
- Effects of Timing of Microbial Exposure on Microbiome Assembly and Amphibian Immune Development.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Scents and Scent Ability: Can Snakes Identify Heterospecifics and Conspecifics Using Airborne Semiochemicals?Journal of chemical ecology · 2026Article
- Physiological and Skin Microbiome Divergence Among Closely Related Anurans Co-Occurring in Agricultural Wetlands.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Disease Refuge or Ecological Trap: Location-Specific Performance of Amphibian Hotspot Shelters.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Unraveling the disease pyramid: the role of environmental micro-eukaryotes in amphibian resistance to the deadly fungal pathogenmSystems · 2026Article
- Advancing the study of microbial symbionts of amphibians and reptiles.Frontiers in amphibian and reptile science · 2026Article
- Gut and skin microbiota ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- The fungal pathogenISME communications · 2026Article
- The Many Lives of a Single Sequence: Functional Plasticity Through Amyloid Polymorphism.Sub-cellular biochemistry · 2026Review
- Oo-No: Ophidiomyces ophidiicola-bacterial interactions and the role of skin lipids in development of ophidiomycosis.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- The Immune-Antioxidant Trade-Off Mediated by Actinobacteria Drives Niche Differentiation: Physiological and Gut Microbiota Responses of Two Cold-Adapted Brown Frog Species to Contrasting Peak Daily Habitat Temperatures.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Imprints of Land Use History on the Cutaneous Microbiota of Mexican Cloud Forest Salamanders.Microbial ecology · 2025Article
- Cutaneous shedding in amphibians causes shifts in bacterial microbiomes.Integrative zoology · 2025Article
- Probiotic colonization ofInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Effects of snake fungal disease (ophidiomycosis) on the skin microbiome across two major experimental scales.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2025Article
- More Than Meets the Eye: Unraveling the Interactions Between Skin Microbiota and Habitat in an Opportunistic Amphibian.Microbial ecology · 2025Article
- Skin Bacterial and Fungal Microbiome Responses to Diet Supplementation and Rewilding in the Critically Endangered Southern Corroboree Frog.Molecular ecology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The microbiome is known to provide benefits to hosts, including extension of immune function. Amphibians are a powerful immunological model for examining mucosal defenses because of an accessible epithelial mucosome throughout their developmental trajectory, their responsiveness to experimental treatments, and direct interactions with emerging infectious pathogens. We review amphibian skin mucus components and describe the adaptive microbiome as a novel process of disease resilience where competitive microbial interactions couple with host immune responses to select for functions beneficial to the host. We demonstrate microbiome diversity, specificity of function, and mechanisms for memory characteristic of an adaptive immune response. At a time when industrialization has been linked to losses in microbiota important for host health, applications of microbial therapies such as probiotics may contribute to immunotherapeutics and to conservation efforts for species currently threatened by emerging diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.