ArticleEndocrinology, diabetes & metabolism2023
Clomiphene citrate: A potential alternative for testosterone therapy in hypogonadal males.
Article in Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Unraveling Delayed Puberty: A Rare Case of Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Masked by Celiac Disease and Plummer-Vinson Syndrome.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadism in men seeking to preserve fertility - what are the options?International journal of impotence research · 2025Review
- Safety and efficacy of enclomiphene and clomiphene for hypogonadal men.Translational andrology and urology · 2024Article
- Clomiphene Citrate Administered in Periconception Phase Causes Fetal Loss and Developmental Impairment in Mice.Endocrinology · 2024Article
- Clomiphene Citrate in the Management of Infertility in Oligospermic Obese Men with Hypogonadism: Retrospective Pilot Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- Clomiphene citrate: A potential alternative for testosterone therapy in hypogonadal males.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2023Article
- Effect ofAvicenna journal of phytomedicineArticle
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHypogonadism is a worldwide problem among men causing sexual, physical and mental problems. Testosterone therapy is the first-choice treatment for male hypogonadism, with several side effects, that is, subfertility. Clomiphene citrate (CC) is an alternative off-label therapy for a certain group of hypogonadal males, especially for those with an active or future child wish. There is scarce literature in usage of CC for men with hypogonadism. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of CC for hypogonadal males.
methodsIn this single-centre study, men treated with CC for hypogonadism were evaluated retrospectively. Primary outcome was hormonal evaluation including total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Secondary outcomes were hypogonadal symptoms, metabolic and lipid parameters, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Ht), prostate specific antigen (PSA), side effects, the effect of a trial without medication and potential predictors for biochemical and clinical response.
resultsIn total, 153 hypogonadal men were treated with CC. Mean TT, FT, LH and FSH increased during treatment. TT increased from 9 to 16 nmol/L, with a biochemical increase in 89% of the patients. In patients who continued CC treatment, an increased level of TT persisted after 8 years of treatment. With CC treatment, 74% of the patients experienced hypogonadal symptom improvement. LH at the lower normal range before CC treatment was predictive for better TT response. During CC therapy, few side effects were reported and no clinical important changes in PSA, Hb and Ht were found.
conclusionClomiphene citrate is an effective therapy on short and long term, improving both clinical symptoms and biochemical markers of male hypogonadism with few side effects and good safety aspects.
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