ArticleJournal of Crohn's & colitis2023
Spermidine Ameliorates Colitis via Induction of Anti-Inflammatory Macrophages and Prevention of Intestinal Dysbiosis.
Article in Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut microbiota metabolites in the immunoregulation of enteritis: research progress.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- SAT1-Induced Spermidine Depletion Potentiates Food Allergy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Microbiota-Associated Amino Acid Metabolites in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Emerging Key Players in the Host-Microbe Interface.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Cellular crosstalk of fibroblast-myofibroblast transition in intestinal homeostasis and disease.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Spermine suppressesmBio · 2026Article
- Beneficial Effects of Spermidine on Ovarian Function, Gut Microbiota Composition, and Associated Metabolic Changes.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Dietary Spermidine Mitigates Radiation-Induced Intestinal Injury by Reshaping the Microbiota-Barrier-Inflammation Axis.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- From Metabolomics to Function: Ranking Plant Stem Cell Metabolomes for Use in Health and Cosmetics.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Spermidine Attenuates Neuroimmune Dysfunction in Gulf War Illness via Modulation of the Gut- Brain Axis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Spermidine Suppresses Peripheral Inflammation and Alleviates Non-Motor Symptoms in the 6-OHDA-Induced Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Plant-derived extracellular vesicles as tools and targets for inflammatory diseases.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Article
- Mechanistic Links Between the Gut Microbiome and Longevity Therapeutics.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Article
- Dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone and spermidine in healthy longevity: targeting the hallmarks of aging.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Infection strategies ofGut microbes reports · 2026Review
- The role of metabolic crosstalk between Intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells in inflammatory bowel disease and targeting strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Macrophage-driven inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Microbial metabolic memory in inflammatory bowel disease: microbiota-derived metabolites, host-microbe reprogramming, and relapse susceptibility.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- An overview of the role of the gut microbiota in rheumatoid arthritis.Microbiome research reports · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsExacerbated immune activation, intestinal dysbiosis and a disrupted intestinal barrier are common features among inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients. The polyamine spermidine, which is naturally present in all living organisms, is an integral component of the human diet, and exerts beneficial effects in human diseases. Here, we investigated whether spermidine treatment ameliorates intestinal inflammation and offers therapeutic potential for IBD treatment.
methodsWe assessed the effect of oral spermidine administration on colitis severity in the T cell transfer colitis model in Rag2-/- mice by endoscopy, histology and analysis of markers of molecular inflammation. The effects on the intestinal microbiome were determined by 16S rDNA sequencing of mouse faeces. The impact on intestinal barrier integrity was evaluated in co-cultures of patient-derived macrophages with intestinal epithelial cells.
resultsSpermidine administration protected mice from intestinal inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. While T helper cell subsets remained unaffected, spermidine promoted anti-inflammatory macrophages and prevented the microbiome shift from Firmicutes and Bacteroides to Proteobacteria, maintaining a healthy gut microbiome. Consistent with spermidine as a potent activator of the anti-inflammatory molecule protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 [PTPN2], its colitis-protective effect was dependent on PTPN2 in intestinal epithelial cells and in myeloid cells. The loss of PTPN2 in epithelial and myeloid cells, but not in T cells, abrogated the barrier-protective, anti-inflammatory effect of spermidine and prevented the anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages.
conclusionSpermidine reduces intestinal inflammation by promoting anti-inflammatory macrophages, maintaining a healthy microbiome and preserving epithelial barrier integrity in a PTPN2-dependent manner.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.